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The incidence of LCPD varies quite profoundly both between countries and within countries ranging between 0.5 and 15 per 100,000 children under the age of 14 years. In the UK, the disease is more prevalent in urban, overcrowded and under-privileged regions while in south-west India the disease is relatively common in rural areas. Several studies suggest that LCPD is a disease of social deprivation. For example, The incidence of LCPD declined significantly in Merseyside in England and in Northern Ireland over the last three decades as a concomitant improvement in living standards occurred in these regions over the same time period. An association between LCPD and exposure to tobacco and wood smoke has also been demonstrated. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, in particular, has also been shown to have a strong association with LCPD. Again, these observations support the association between LCPD and poverty as smoking is more prevalent among the socially deprived. Some studies have suggested that there is an association between coagulation abnormalities such as thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis and LCPD however, a definite association has not been established. LCPD occurs three or four times more frequently in boys than in girls. The peak age at onset of LCPD is 6  years in Europe while is between 8 and 9  years in India. The disease may affect children as young as 2 years and adolescents up to the age of 16.