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Welcome to everyone, the topic of this lesson is osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage , resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of the joints and important loss of function. Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease worldwide, affecting an estimated 10% of men and 18% of women over 60 years of age. The incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis depends on the definition used, such as symptomatic, radiographic, self-reported, or doctor-diagnosed; it can be described pathologically, radiographically, or clinically. It should be noted that not everyone with radiographic OA is symptomatic. Due to the various definitions of OA that are used, the reported prevalence and incidence rates vary across studies. In general, prevalence for symptomatic OA tends to be lower than radiographic OA as its presence is defined by a combination of symptoms such as pain and stiffness in addition to radiographic features. OA-associated mortality is largely driven by cardiovascular death. Possible explanations for the excess mortality of OA include reduced levels of physical activity due to involvement of lower limb joints and presence of comorbid conditions, as well as adverse effects of medications used to treat symptomatic OA, particularly nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in addition to mortality associated with complications of joint replacement surgery . A Swedish study has found an increased risk for cardiovascular death from ischemic heart disease and heart failure among those with hip or knee OA compared with those without OA, and this gap increases over time. However, no increased mortality was found with hand OA or OA of other peripheral joints, and no consistent difference was seen between males and females. A Canadian population-based cohort study of individuals with hip and knee OA found a significant association between greater OA-related disability and both all-cause mortality and risk of serious cardiovascular events. This study suggested that OA functional limitations, in particular walking disability, may be potential modifiable risk factors for serious cardiovascular events and death.