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In the seventeenth century, the debt of France and Spain was a very huge amount. By human-beings in both nations, it was made a trial to combat taxation but were unable to unite to do so. By the commonwealth, it was converted stronger and centralized, while weakening the local elite, governments, and courts of law. In both Spain and France, money was gathered as selling offices and headlines to the biggest tenderer. Authority converted special and heritage: in the bourgeoisie, it could be purchased official appellations and transfer it onto their kids. Due to France and Spain being absolutistic, it was ruled without a representational combination that could control their activities, involving taxation systems by them. As there was also no shape of recording, which defined that the wealthy could partially escape estate taxes. However, it could not be escaped by the poor one due to the agricultural and imposts inflicted on them were much more difficult to evade. Neither commonwealth did not pay again their debts. By the French government, their subjects were even pushed to switch their coins for banknotes, after which they decreased their worth. They threatened to capture subjects who did not admit the discounted switch rate. Well sure, while a great revolution had ultimately happened in France, escaping it was accomplished in the Spanish government. Rather, in Spain, it was converted on a heritage of family-relied bias to its colonies in the Fresh (or called New) World. The New World provided these elites had even fewer restrictions. Without commonwealth intervention, rich settlers could become wealthier thanks to purchasing novel grounds and transferring them to their families. By the novel elites, it was becoming incomplete landowners and controlled the public like a slave. This ultimately quitted a patrimonial heritage that can be seen even nowadays by us. Chapter 9 - Responsible states can be shaped when the elite boundaries commonwealth authority for the welfare of the community. Thanks to Magna Carta in 1215, the British royalty has pushed the monarchy into a constitutional agreement. After seven years, although an alike improvement took place in Hungary, the ways of the two countries were extremely distinct. Okay but why? Before it was established by the United Kingdom commonwealth, the king's security against the non-elite had already been built. What was already restricted was the king's power. In Britain, it was already extremely centralized in 1066 after the Norman victory. By the Normans, novel laws were published defending people from looter landowners. Where defined that at 1200, tenants bound to their ground could purchase, sell, and rent real estates without the landlord's permission was the Common Rule. Be females, it can be owned terrain and engagement without a male protector. The British Parliament not only presented aristocrats and pastorates but also involved townspeople and real estate owners. Affirmed taxes and eliminated inefficient officers. In the case of King Charles I, taxes were once increased without parliament's permission, and he was decapitated! By the British state, it has actively sought to decrease degenerateness. For instance, a fresh exchequer bill was produced and the bonds were traded on the transparent civil market. Further reforms were made after King II. James was dethroned in 1688. It couldn’t longer be applied to policy without Parliament's permission by the king. However, what does not automatically build political liberty is constitutional boundaries on commonwealth authority. This was the situation in Hungary. In Hungary, while the commonwealth was very vulnerable, non-commonwealth actors were very strong. Unlike different communities in Europe, it could not be reformed by the government, their economy, or army. Due to Hungarian villagers not having lawful security, royal estates controlled them. And it was not empowered by the king to collect enough taxes from them for protection by these royals. Although the Golden Bull was named as the variation of Hungary of the Magna Carta, in it, a weak king was just raised and a ruthless oligarchy. Hungary, which could not be centralized sufficiently to protect itself, was taken by the Mongols in 1241 and followed by the Ottomans in 1526. Chapter 10 - The Commonwealth either collapses or thrives due to historical crashes, institutional switches, and the social war effort. Well, what outcomes can be extracted from the whole of this by us? Which classes are learned by us about whether the commonwealth will develop or not through history? In general, government agencies are rotting since they are too strict, too patronizing, or both. By government institutions, it must be kept going to embrace to switch in their social or physical circumstances. By commonwealth that prefer relatives and friends to unipersonal meritocracy will fatally corrupt. For instance, when Manchu powers penetrated Ming China, it was not collected any land taxes to grow its protection by the government. What often influenced the elite who inherently set against them was such taxes and had the authority to happen so. This is an instance of a functionless balance. The functionless balance happens when it is protected by the status quo for the advantage of special little segments of the community, rather than making developments for all of the community by a government. Sometimes, unless a commonwealth experiences fundamental shifts for the advantage of the elite alone, it can guide to its downfall like Ming China. Eventually, it is developed by the commonwealth through a union of opinions about an economic extension, social mobilization, controls, equilibriums, and legit. In Britain and Denmark, an equilibrium between the elements of the political order was eventually provided. However, in Denmark, it was seen less extended severity, inner battle, or class struggle than Britain. What was a milestone for Denmark was the Protestant Reformation in 1536. It was opened by the Lutheran Church that schools the whole country and promoted knowledge to read and write among the villagers. Serfdom was finished in 1792 and the villagers could have the area. After slavery was removed, the king weakened and recruited landlords. Thanks to a guide by a Lutheran priest, it was started as a political action that allowed more extended voting rights in 1849 by the farmers. Thus, by a commonwealth, it can either be "go to Denmark" or own a steady, fair, and comprehensive community through a union of political improvement, transformation, and fortunate historical crashes. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution by Francis Fukuyama Book Review Ever since the state-building operation started, governments have had to fight against individuals' inherent bias to promote their families. In distinct areas, this event has been managed differently: by army slavery, dictatorships, dyne-relied hierarchies, or other means. After all, governments with equilibrium control over state power and giving security to ordinary individuals are the most influential ones.