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<prosody rate="medium">Lowercase r, an estimator of the unknown correlation lowercase rho for a sample of size lowercase n of vectors open parenthesis capital X sub i comma capital Y sub i close parenthesis taken from a bivariate normal distribution, equals a fraction</prosody><break time="250ms"/><prosody rate="slow">whose numerator is the fraction one over lowercase n minus one,</prosody><break time="200ms"/><prosody rate="slow">times the sum from lowercase i equals one to lowercase n</prosody><break time="150ms"/><prosody rate="slow">of the quantity in parentheses capital X sub i minus capital X bar,</prosody><break time="150ms"/><prosody rate="slow">times the quantity in parentheses capital Y sub i minus capital Y bar,</prosody><break time="250ms"/><prosody rate="medium">and whose denominator is <emphasis>s sub capital X</emphasis> times <emphasis>s sub capital Y</emphasis>,</prosody><break time="200ms"/><prosody rate="medium">where s sub capital X squared and s sub capital Y squared are the sample variances of capital X and capital Y.</prosody>