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Pain characteristics refine mechanism. Crampy pain that improves after defecation fits IBS physiology, where visceral hypersensitivity and disordered motility produce pain linked to bowel movements. Constant, localised pain with guarding suggests peritoneal irritation, which is concerning for perforation, appendicitis, diverticulitis, or ischaemia. Pain with bloody diarrhoea suggests mucosal injury, where inflammatory mediators and epithelial disruption allow blood and protein into the lumen.