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Our planet, Earth, is the only known celestial body in the solar system capable of sustaining life, offering a diverse and habitable environment for countless species, including humans. However, in recent decades, anthropogenic activities have caused profound environmental degradation, posing serious threats to ecosystems and living conditions. Once a nurturing and balanced habitat, Earth now mirrors the consequences of humaninduced disruptions. The ongoing transformation of global weather patterns and the alarming rise in air pollution have increasingly jeopardized biodiversity and public health. Over the past century, the rapid pace of urbanization, industrialization, population growth, energy consumption, and the widespread use of motorized transportation have driven an upsurge in emissions of harmful air pollutants, including greenhouse gases GHGs. Simultaneously, climate variability has led to erratic fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and other meteorological variables, compounding the effects of environmental stressors and adversely impacting both ecosystems and human populations. Among these stressors, air pollution stands out as one of the most severe and persistent threats to human health, affecting both indoor and outdoor environments. Emissions from household cooking appliances, industrial processes, and motor vehicles are major contributors to pollutionrelated health risks. Air pollution significantly increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including lung cancer, with health impacts comparable to those of tobacco smoking. According to the State of Global Air 2024 report, approximately 8.1 million premature deaths in 2021 were attributed to exposure to air pollutants. The World Health Organization WHO further reports that the combined effects of household and ambient air pollution are responsible for an estimated 6.7 million premature deaths annually. In addition to premature mortality, longterm exposure to air pollution contributes to a broad range of adverse health outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm births, childhood pneumonia, asthma, myocardial infarctions, and strokes. The health risks are associated with various hazardous pollutants, such as • Nitrogen dioxide NO₂ • Groundlevel ozone O₃ • Carbon monoxide CO • Particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 Other pollutants, though less widely monitored, pose equally severe threats. Volatile organic compounds VOCs—including benzene, formaldehyde, and toluene—are emitted from industrial sources, household products, and vehicle exhaust, and have been linked to respiratory irritation, neurological symptoms, and increased cancer risk. Ammonia NH₃, primarily from agricultural activities, irritates the respiratory tract and plays a role in secondary particulate formation. Black carbon, a major component of PM2.5 from diesel engines and biomass burning, is associated with cardiovascular disorders and increased mortality rates. While air pollution is a dominant concern, climate changeinduced extreme weather events also present substantial direct and indirect health risks. Prolonged heatwaves are associated with dehydration, heatstroke, and respiratory distress, especially among vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and those with preexisting conditions. Floods, droughts, and wildfires not only cause physical injuries and fatalities but also impair access to healthcare, displace populations, and significantly degrade air and water quality. Moreover, rising global temperatures facilitate the proliferation of airborne allergens, aggravating asthma and allergic diseases, while also accelerating the transmission of foodborne and waterborne pathogens due to bacterial growth and infrastructure failures during heavy rainfall and flooding. The expansion of vectorborne diseases such as dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis into new geographic regions is also a concerning consequence of climate change. These developments underscore the complex, interconnected nature of environmental factors affecting human health. In addition to pollutants and extreme events, meteorological parameters like humidity, air pressure, wind speed, and temperature profoundly influence physiological health. High temperature combined with humidity impairs the body’s cooling mechanisms, increasing the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Conversely, exposure to cold temperatures can trigger hypothermia and elevate blood pressure, aggravating cardiovascular conditions. Sudden shifts in atmospheric pressure can provoke migraines and joint pain, particularly among individuals with arthritis. Wind speed and air turbulence play a key role in the dispersion of allergens and pollutants, often triggering asthma attacks and respiratory issues. Moreover, humidity reduces sweat evaporation, causing the body to retain more heat. For instance, at a temperature of 35C with 65 relative humidity, the heat index may rise to approximately 47C, drastically increasing the likelihood of heatrelated illnesses. Tools such as digital humidity gauges and heat index charts help individuals assess real temperature stress and take precautionary measures. Beyond physical health, extreme weather events are also correlated with rising rates of mental health disorders, including stress, anxiety, and climaterelated grief. These psychological burdens add another layer of complexity to environmental health threats. Although these environmental stressors impact the general population, certain groups face disproportionate risks. These include children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. For these groups, targeted policies and interventions are essential to mitigate vulnerabilities and promote resilience. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the intricate relationship between air pollution, weather variability, and human health. Exposure to extreme temperatures, humidity, and atmospheric instability, in combination with pollutants like particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, can significantly aggravate preexisting health conditions. This, in turn, leads to increased emergency department ED visits and intensifies the strain on healthcare systems.