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Heart Anatomy – Labeling Label the parts of the heart: aorta, left atrium, right ventricle, etc. Blood Flow Describe the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the right atrium. Blood Vessel Function(s) What are the primary functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries? Systemic vs. Pulmonary Circulation Explain the differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body Pulmonary circulation is system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Centrifuge (Parts) Identify the main parts of a centrifuge and their functions. Plasma(water), WBC(leukocytes)-fight infection-, Platelets (Thrombocytes)-blood clotting-, RBC(erythrocytes)-carries oxygen. Blood Pressure/Pulse Abnormal Values What are considered abnormal values for blood pressure and pulse? Lymphatic System Overview Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system. Maintenance of fluid balance Inguinal Lymph Node* Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located and what is their function? Groin area; filtering lymph fluid and trapping harmful substances, before returning the fluid to the main blood stream Location of Organs* Identify the locations of the spleen, thymus, and other major lymphatic organs. Cisterna Chyli* What is the cisterna chyli and what role does it play in the lymphatic system? Lymphatic sac located in the abdominal cavity. Drainage of lymph. Spleen* What are the primary functions of the spleen? Blood filter, and removing old/damaged RBC Humoral Immunity* Explain the concept of humoral immunity and its importance in the immune response. Protect the body from a wide range of pathogens. Hydrochloric Acid (pH 1.5-2.5) What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion and what is its typical pH range? Hydrochloric acid is the main component of gastric juice and is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in the fundus and corpus. In healthy adults, intragastric pH ranges between 1.5 and 2.5 in the fasting state. Absorption Describe the process of nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Absorption involves the body breaking down the drug, which separates the active ingredients from the inactive ones and enables the active ingredients to enter the bloodstream. Only then will you begin to benefit from the drug's effects. Pathway of Food Trace the pathway of food from ingestion to excretion. Mechanical vs. Chemical Breakdown What are the differences between mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in the digestive system? Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion. The role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream Calculate BMI How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated and what do the different ranges indicate? Gingivitis* What is gingivitis and what are its common causes and symptoms? common and mild form of gum disease, also called periodontal disease. It causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of your gingiva, which is the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. Emulsification Explain the process of emulsification and its role in digestion. process by which the dispersed phase is broken up into small droplets. Urine into Renal Medulla to Ureter* Describe the pathway of urine from the renal medulla to the ureter. The urine flows from the collecting ducts into the renal calyces and pelvis, which undergoes unidirectional peristaltic movements to allow drainage of the urine into the downstream ureter and bladder Diabetes Mellitus vs. Diabetes Insipidus* Compare and contrast diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus in terms of causes and symptoms. DM (Type 1 and Type 2): It involves high blood sugar/increase in glucose in their blood (insulin breaks down sugar and it’s produced by pancreas). DI: High blood sugar and ADH (fluid in-balance). ADH; unable to retain or hold fluid, form of sweat and urine. Small amount of ADH (helps keep water in the body). DI don't have enough ADH. ADH patients are always thirsty (dehydration). Nephrons Function* What are the primary functions of nephrons in the kidney? role in the filtration and purification of blood. Renal Cortex* What role does the renal cortex play in kidney function? The cortex is the outside layer or covering of many body organs Define Nocturia What is nocturia and what are some potential causes? Male vs. Female Urinary System* What are the key differences between the male and female urinary systems? In women, the bladder is located in front of the vagina and below the uterus. In men, the bladder sits in front of the rectum and above the prostate gland. Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Exchange Describe the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the alveoli. Trace Airflow Trace the pathway of airflow from the nose/mouth to the alveoli. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Define Total Lung Capacity (TLC) and what factors can influence it. Epiglottis What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system? Olfactory Receptors What role do olfactory receptors play in the sense of smell? Signs/Symptoms of Tuberculosis What are the common signs and symptoms of tuberculosis? A persistent cough that last more than 3 weeks, weight loss, night sweats, high temp., tiredness and fatigue, loss of appetite, new swelling that haven’t gone away after a few weeks Atmospheric vs. Pulmonary Pressure Explain the difference between atmospheric pressure and pulmonary pressure during respiration. Diploid Cell Define a diploid cell and provide an example. A diploid cell has two complete sets of chromosomes. Most cells in humans are diploid, comprising 23 chromosome pairs, so 46 chromosomes in total. Effects of Asthma on Airway How does asthma affect the airways and breathing? The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, your airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe out. Role of Prostate Gland* What is the function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system? The prostate's most important function is the production of a fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen Define Menorrhea What is menorrhea and what are its common symptoms? flow of blood from the uterus Human Papillomavirus* What is human papillomavirus (HPV) and what conditions can it cause? Mainly in STI Pituitary Gland Function What are the primary functions of the pituitary gland? regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces. Thyroid Gland Function Describe the main functions of the thyroid gland and the hormones it produces. produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate, growth and development. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Gland What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands? Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts onto your body's surfaces. On the other hand, endocrine glands secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream. Role(s) of Thymosin What is thymosin and what role does it play in the body? highly conserved G‐actin–sequestering protein that is involved in various biological processes Role(s) of Testosterone What are the primary functions of testosterone in the body? Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. Negative Loop System Explain the concept of a negative feedback loop in the context of hormonal regulation. A negative feedback loop reduces the effect of change and helps maintain balance