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LO1-Coronary Heart Disease What is the description of CHD? -Coronary arteries are blocked by fatty material. -Mild, uncomfortable. -Severe attack is painful feeling of heaviness. -Usually center of chest and spreads to arms, neck, jaw and back. What are the symptoms of CHD? -Nausea, dizziness and breathlessness. -Triggered by physical or stressful situations. -Relieved in 10 minutes using nitrate tablet/spray. What is the biological explanation of ANGINA? -Healthy artery has smooth layer inside (endothelium) and allows easy blood flow. -Can be affected by smoking, obesity, HBP and alcohol. -Once damaged, cholesterol builds up called atherosclerosis. -Deposit targeted by WBC that die and are trapped. -Gunge is called atheroma and reduces blood flow to the heart. -Results in angina where chest is painful. What are the Description of Heart attacks ? -Arteries completely blocked. -More severe than angina. What are the symptoms of a heart attack? Pain in chest and travels to arms, jaw, neck and abdomen, light headedness, sweating, nausea and breathlessness, stomach ache or heartburn. -Last longer than 15 minutes -Silent myocardial infarction- no symptoms and common in elderly with diabetes. What is the Biological Explanation of a Heart Attack? -Complete blockage, no oxygen or nutrients get to heart. -Leads to heart disease and attack. -Part of heart that doesn’t receive oxygen begins to die and heart muscles are permanently damaged. -Disturbance of electrical activity in heart, leads to chaotic heart beat (ventricular fibrillation. -Leads to cardiac arrest. What are the Possible Causes and Risk Factors of CHD? Heredity- Genes and family environment can increase CHD. High Cholesterol- High levels of low-density lipoprotein and bad cholesterol. Tobacco Abuse- Smoking reduces oxygen supply to vessels in heart. Obesity- Increase likelihood of high cholesterol and BP and physical inactivity increases risk of heart attack. High Blood Pressure- Heart muscles have to work harder, too much strain and ruptures. Diabetes- More at risk of heart attacks. What are the Impacts of lifestyle from CHD? Affect emotionally and socially. Changes- Stop smoking, lose weight, exercise, less alcohol, varied diet, reduce stress, avoid stressful situations, reduce caffeine intake, low dose aspirin, vitamin supplements (vitamin E), oily fish regularly, have low cholesterol food. What are the Lifestyle and Risk Factors of CHD? -Lack of regular exercise (at least 30 mins a day). -Not moderating alcohol intake (21 units for men and 14 units for women). -Not eating low fat diet. -Not restricting salt (only 6g a day). -Being overweight/obese. -Too much coffee (only 5 cups a day). -Too much stress. -Smoking. -Treatable risk factors such as high BP and diabetes. What is the Care for CHD? Blood Tests- check levels of fats, sugar and CHL. ECG- Measure electrical activity of heart. Medication Angiotensin inhibitors- reduce BP (for heart attack) Nitrate Tablet- Relax coronary artery (blood flow) Antiplatelet medicine- Make blood clot less. Beta Blockers- reduce BP by beating slowly. Surgical Procedures Angioplasty- deflated balloon into narrow artery and inflates it, pushes open and stent inserted.