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Which type of cells help to insulate the body against heat loss? Fat cells. What does the skin secrete? Sebum, Sweat Where is sebum produced? Sebum is produced by the sebaceous glands in the dermis What does excretion mean? This is eliminating waste. How is waste excreted from the skin? Excretion, Like sweating What do sweat and sebum combine to create? acid mantle. Which sensations is the skin able to detect? The sensations of touch, pressure, pain and temperature What is the difference between sensory and motor nerves? electrical impulses called sensory which go to the brain. The brain formulates a response that it relays as electrical impulses back to the body along a corresponding set of nerves called motor nerves. What is the name of the fatty substance present in the skin? The skin contains a fatty substance called ergosterol What is ergosterol converted into in response to stimulation from the sun’s rays? Ergosterol is converted into ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) in response to stimulation from the sun's rays. What does Vitamin D help the body to store? calcium. What is calcium needed by the body for? Calcium is needed by the body for various functions, including the formation and maintenance of strong bones and teeth, proper muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. What type of movements are skeletal muscles responsible for? voluntary movements Name the muscles that surround the eyes. Orbicularis oculi What is the corrugator for? draws the brows together in a vertical frown line Where is the frontalis muscle located? raises the eyebrows forming horizontal frown lines Where is the zygomatic muscle located? extends diagonally from cheekbone to corners of the mouth. Which muscle is responsible for puckering up the mouth as in kissing? Orbicularis oris Which muscles contribute to the action of chewing? Temporalis What do the quadratus labii inferioris muscles do? pulls the lower lip downwards and to one side. Name the two main muscles of the neck ? Platysma , Sternocleidomastoid Where is the deltoid muscle located? covers the top of the arm and shoulder. Which muscle covers the back of the neck and upper back? Trapezius Where are the pectoralis muscles located? chest (pectoralis minor lies below pectoralis major). Name the six actions that occur when muscle movement occurs? 1. The brain sends a message via the nerves to the muscles. 2. The muscles squeeze together to form a contraction. 3. As the muscle contracts the tendons are pulled. 4. This pulls the bone into a different position creating a movement. 5. Some small muscles are attached to each other or to the skin. 6. Such muscles are responsible for facial expressions as they move. What are muscles formed from? 75% water 5% inorganic substances e.g. Minerals 20% muscle forming cells. Tendons attach muscles to bones. A function of the muscular system is to maintain? posture. The outermost layer of a muscle, what is it called? epimysium Involuntary muscle is responsible for what type of movement? slow, rhythmic movement of muscle tissue such as the intestines. The thick triangular muscle that covers the shoulder and allows you to take the arm away from the body is called? Deltoid What muscle pulls the head back, rotates the shoulders and head? Trapezius. The muscle found in the centre of the chin, that dimples the chin and raises the lower lip as in doubt is called? Mentalis. Is blood a one-way or two-way system? Blood circulation in the human body is a two-way system. What are erythrocytes? known as red blood cells, are specialized cells in the bloodstream that play a vital role in transporting oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide. They are the most abundant type of blood cell. Which blood cells help the body fight against disease? The blood cells that help the body fight against diseases are known as white blood cells or leukocytes. white blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system's defence mechanisms. What do platelets do? Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets are activated to form a clot to prevent excessive bleeding. What is plasma mostly made out of? Plasma, the liquid component of blood, is primarily made up of water. Which way does lymph circulate? Lymph circulates in a one-way direction through the lymphatic system. Do arteries carry blood to or from the heart? Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Name the smallest blood vessels? capillaries What are venules? Venules are small blood vessels that form after the convergence of capillaries. The primary function of venules is to collect blood from capillaries and transport it to veins. What do lymph nodes do? Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the lymphatic system. They play a role in the immune system's defense and .serve as filtering stations for lymph, a fluid that carries immune cells, waste products, and pathogens Name the two lymphatic ducts? The Thoracic Duct and Right Lymphatic Duct What are the three main functions of blood circulation? Transportation, Regulation and Protection. What are the structures associated with blood circulation? Heart, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, Lymphatic System What are the structures associated with lymphatic circulation? Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Organs, Lymphatic Tissues Lymph What is the function of the lymphatic system? maintaining fluid balance, supporting immune function, and aiding in the absorption and transport of fats. What effect does the lymphatic system have on the skin and muscles? Skin: Drains excess fluid, waste products, and toxins from the skin tissues, maintaining fluid balance. This drainage function helps maintain the balance of fluid in the skin, preventing edema (swelling) and promoting a healthy appearance. Contributes to the immune response, protecting the skin from infections and supporting wound healing. Helps regulate body temperature by assisting in heat dissipation from the skin. Muscles: Removes metabolic waste products, such as lactic acid, from muscle tissues, reducing muscle fatigue and discomfort. Supports the immune function in muscles, protecting them from potential infections. Maintains fluid balance in muscle tissues, preventing swelling and edema. What effect does the blood circulation have on the skin and muscles?Blood circulation delivers oxygen and essential nutrients to the skin, supporting its function and health. It helps regulate body temperature by controlling blood flow to the skin's surface. Waste products are carried away from the skin through blood circulation, aiding in their removal Overall, blood circulation is crucial for maintaining the skin's nourishment, temperature regulation, and waste removal, while in the muscles, it supports their energy supply, waste removal, and temperature control during physical activity. 1.Outline different forms of communication used to deal with clients? Verbal – speaking manner and tone. professional, supportive, respectful. sensitive to the client. open questioning related to treatment. Using closed questions. Non-verbal – eye contact, body language. Listening. visual checks. Professionalism. Good client care. 2.Describe how to use consultation techniques to identify treatment objectives? To find out client expectations. To find out client suitability. To find out the client's needs. To fill in and check the consultation form. Verbal/ non-verbal communication methods to meet treatment objectives. The client desired outcome. Client satisfaction. To fill in the record card. 3. State the importance of using effective communication to identify client needs and expectations? Improves client satisfaction. Effects on the business atmosphere. Effect on employees. Professionalism. To be able to adapt treatment to suit the client. State the importance of providing the client with clear advice and recommendations ? Treatment advice to give the best result Aftercare and home care advice for clients to maintain the effects of treatment. Future treatment needs to maintain and improve the client's condition. Retail recommendations for home use in between treatments. Prevent contra-actions. Improve results. Maintain treatment longer. Client care and client satisfaction. Client expectations Profits (link sales) Insurance reasons Completion of the consultation process Returning clients New business. 4. Describe client confidentiality in line with data protection legislation ? Be aware of Data protection Act and what it involves. Storage and use of sensitive information, it needs to be password protected or locked in a secure location Type of information that should be stored relating to treatment. Client access to records, it is law. Record cards are locked away. Only authorised persons allowed access to data Time limit of storage of data. 5. Explain the importance of communication techniques to support retail opportunities? Completion of consultation Linking of retail/sales Selling products and other services