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Give an example of a fungal infection? is tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm. Give three examples of why you should not use soap on the face? 1. Makes the skin feel ‘taut, dry and unbalanced’ 2- May stimulate excessive oil production 3-Doesnotremove make-up effectively Can you list the qualities of a cleanser? 1. Should cleanse the skin effectively, without causing irritation 2. Should remove all traces of make-up and grease 3. Should feel pleasant to use 4. Should be easy to remove from the skin 5. Ideally should be pH-balanced What are the three main types of toners? Skin bracer/freshener Skin tonic 3. Astringents What is the definition of exfoliation? this is the term used to describe a product which aids the removal of dead skin cells from the skin’s surface (or horny layer of the epidermis). -An exfoliating treatment will remove dead skin cells, dirt and grease from the skin’s surface. This will improve the texture and appearance of the skin due to new skin cells being exposed What are the two methods of heating the skin? Hot towels or mittens Steaming Self-heating products Name three contra-indications to steaming. Respiratory problems Vascular skin disorders 3. Claustrophobia What are the effects of ozone? 1. Antibacterial/germicidal 2. Slightly drying 3. Healing 4. Good for oily and mild acne skin types. Name the five massage movements 1. Effleurage 2. Petrissage 3. Tapotement 4. frictions 5. vibrations Name the two types of masks that can be used? 1. Setting Masks 2. Non-setting masks How often should a moisturiser be applied daily? during the day and at night. What are the actions of a moisturiser? 1. Protects the skin from external damage caused by the environment 2. Softens the skin tissue with moisture, which minimises the appearance of fine lines 3. Provides a barrier between the skin and make-up cosmetics 4. May contain additional ingredients which improve the condition of the skin, e.g. vitamin E 5. May contain ultraviolet filters, which protect the skin against the age-accelerating sunlight Give three examples of specialist creams 1. Throat creams 2. Eye creams/gels/serums 3. Ampoules Give two examples of each of the following: Internal threats: 1. Alcohol 2. caffeine External threats: 1. Ultraviolet light 2. Climate What is a contra-action? A contra-action is an adverse (unwanted) reaction which occurs during or after a treatment. Give three examples of aftercare advice: 1. Do not wear any make-up (6/8 hours) though sometimes it is better to say 24 hours, especially foundation. 2. Do not touch area 3. Do not carry out any further abrasive treatments Give three examples of homecare advice: 1. Recommend specific homecare products 2. Explain how to use products correctly 3. Recommend exfoliation. part 3 Health and safety rules should always be displayed where? workplace. What is the difference between a hazard and a risk? Hazard: something with the potential to cause harm. Risk: the likelihood of a hazard’s potential being recognised. What is the difference between legislation and workplace policies? The difference between legislation and workplace policies is that legislation is government-led and workplace policies are salon-led. How often should a qualified and competent person must check all electrical appliances regularly? every piece of electrical equipment in the workplace should be tested every 12 months by a qualified and competent electrician and a written record retained. Personal protective equipment (PPE) legislation states that employers are required to provide resources where risks cannot be controlled by another means .TRUE What is disinfectant? a chemical agent that kills most microorganisms. Who is responsible for maintaining a clean, safe and hygienic salon? The salon owner or management! Are trailing wires a hazard in the salon? Yes. If a bottle of chemicals had a leak who would you report it to? this is a hazard that should be referred to a senior team member. Controlling hygiene and infection within the salon will ensure that the spread of disease and the risk of cross-infection will be reduced. TRUE To maintain hygiene in the salon what should you do to all surfaces? sanitising all surfaces. What should you wear if performing chemical services? gloves should be worn during chemical services to help prevent dermatitis or if they are doing a treatment where body fluids or blood occurs e.g. extraction. What type of fire extinguisher would you use for electrical fires? For an electrical fire, you should use an extinguisher containing dry powder. If you used the incorrect fire extinguisher what could you increase? Using an incorrect fire extinguisher could increase the risk of injury. What does sterilisation mean? is the complete removal or destruction of all living micro-organisms. Why is it important to record accidents? It is important to record and report accidents in order to ensure health & safety policies are followed. First aid How long is a first aid certificate valid? A first-aid certificate is only valid for 3 years of training and must be renewed with additional training. What does the integumentary system consist of? skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. Name the top layer of the skin? epidermis. How many layers make up the epidermis? five layers. What lies under the epidermis? dermis, which is the second major layer of the skin. How many layers make up the dermis? two primary layers. What lies under the dermis? subcutaneous tissue. Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes? stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum. What do melanocytes produce? a pigment called melanin. Which layer of the epidermis is clear? stratum lucidum Which layer of the epidermis contains cells that are spiky and prickly? stratum spinosum Which layer of the epidermis desquamates? The layer of the epidermis that desquamates, or undergoes the shedding of dead skin cells, is the outermost layer called the stratum corneum Which layer of the dermis contains protein fibres? Reticular What are the three protein fibres found in the dermis? Collagen, Elastin, Reticular fibres Which type of hair is present on the body prior to birth? Lanugo. What is vellus hair like? Vellus hair is fine, short, and light-coloured hair that covers most of the body surface. It is soft and often not very noticeable. What is the name given to the coarse hair of the scalp? terminal hair There are three types of hair – lanugo, vellus and ? terminal hair. Which two structures do the arrector pili muscles attach to? Hair follicles and Dermal Papilla Name the two different types of sudoriferous glands? Eccrine glands, apocrine glands Which glands are found all over the body? Eccrine glands. What do sudoriferous glands produce? Perspiration or Sweat. Where are fat cells stored? Subcutaneous Layer. What do sebaceous glands produce? sebum. What is sebum? Sebum is an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands. It is composed of lipids, wax esters, and cholesterol, along with cellular debris. Sebum is a natural lubricant for the skin and hair, helping keep them moisturized and protected. It also plays a role in waterproofing the skin and inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria What does the blood take to the skin cells? oxygen and nutrients. What does blood take away from the skin cells? waste products, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts, What do the lymphatic vessels take away from the skin cells? waste products, cellular debris, and pathogens away from the skin cells. Which nerve takes messages from the skin to the brain? Sensory nerves. What do motor nerves do? transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, causing them to contract and initiate voluntary movements. What protects the skin against bacterial and fungal infections? The acid mantle. What is responsible for maintaining strength and repair of the skin? Collagen. The epidermis is composed and formed from what type of tissue? stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Name the 7 functions of the skin? 1. Sensitivity, The skin is a sensory organ 2. Heat regulation, The skin helps to maintain a body temperature of 36.8 3. Absorption, The skin is able to absorb some water and moisture. 4. Protection, The skin is able to protect the body like a living suit of armour. 5. Excretion, The skin is able to eliminate waste through the elimination of sweat. 6. In secretion, the skin is able to perform a cellular process of releasing a substance i.e. sebum. 7. Production of vitamin D, Vitamin is produced in response to the action of sunlight on the skin. List 7 ways in which the skin protects the body. 1. acid mantle 2. The production of melanin 3. Fat cells in the subcutaneous layer 4. touch 5. blood clotting 6. hair 7. nails What is the pH of the skin? between 4.6 and 6 State two ways in which the skin reacts to a rise in body temperature. As body temperature rises, the sudiferous glands produce sweat. The heat of the skin evaporates the sweat producing a cooling effect on the skin. When the body temperature rises, blood vessels dilate to allow blood to flow closer to the skin and therefore reduce heat. This action is vasodilation. State two ways in which the skin reacts to a drop in temperature. When body temperature falls, blood vessels constrict, causing the blood to flow slower and further away from the skin’s surface, therefore conserving heat; this action is called vasoconstriction. Fat cells in the subcutaneous layer help to insulate the body against excessive heat loss. Arrector pili causes shivering. Which layer of the epidermis controls the absorption of water and moisture in the skin? stratum granulosum or clear layer