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This is a cellular process whereby a substance is released. The sebaceous glands in the dermis produce sebum. Sweat is produced by the sweat glands in the dermis. Sebum and sweat are released onto the surface of the skin via pores. Sebum and sweat combine with dead skin cells to form the acid mantle. Production of Vitamin D: Vitamin D is produced by the skin in the presence of sunlight. The skin contains a fatty substance called ergosterol. Ergosterol is converted into Vitamin D in response to stimulation from the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Vitamin D helps the body store calcium, which is needed for healthy bones. The skin fascinating facts. One square centimetre of skin contains approximately 15 sebaceous glands, 100 sweat glands, 3 metres of nerves and 1 metre of blood vessels! The skin plays host to lots of ‘good’ bacteria that live on its surface helping to protect the body. We shed approximately 4% of our total skin cells every day. An average adult has approximately 100,000 head hairs. The tips of the fingers and toes absorb more water than any other part of the body. The skin makes up approximately 12% of an adult’s total body weight. Skin relies on a balanced diet to keep it fit and healthy. Pollution can be absorbed through the skin e.g. Cigarette smoke. Skin diseases & disorders COMMON DERMATOLOGICAL TERMS Lesion: A defined injury or change in the skin, where normal functions are impaired Primary Lesion: The initial superficial lesion seen in the first stages of skin disease, may still be present in later stages e.g. macule, erythema, or vesicle. Secondary Lesion: The later and often deeper-seated lesion seen as a skin disease progresses. e.g. ulcer, scar. Primary Lesions: Erythema; Reddening of the skin due to temporary dilation of superficial capillaries. Macule; Flat, clearly defined area on the surface of the skin caused by discolouration or thickening. Papule-; Small solid elevation, superficial and contains no fluid or pus. Pustule; Small inflamed elevation with a white centre of pus, situated in the hair follicle. Vesicle; Blister- small serum-filled area. Can be superficial or deep. Large type Bulla. Wheal; White centre surrounded by red. Mast cell reaction and oedema of the tissues. Cyst; Fluid or pus-filled sac found in the deeper layer of skin. Nodule; Small deeper-seated swelling. Firm to the touch does not contain fluid or pus. Comedone; Sebum and keratinised cells form a plug-in follicle, oxidise with air, turning black. Burrow; Track of a parasite insect through the epidermis. Tumour; Large nodule formed from new cell growth. May be superficial or deep. Secondary lesions: Scale; Flakes of dead epidermal cells which are either shed or build up on the skin’s surface. Crust or Scab; Formed by the drying of secretions - blood, lymph or pus over a lesion. Fissure; A deep crack in the skin through the epidermis into the dermis. Ulcer; Open sore which fails to heal, damages surrounding tissue. Maybe pus present. Scar; Permanent mark resulting from the formation of new connective tissue from damage. Keloid scar; More exaggerated fibrous scar, more common in black skin. Atrophy; Loss of thickness, elasticity of the skin, skin wastes away. SKIN INFECTIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIA? 1.Boil Cause: Infected hair follicle - May affect more than one follicle - The area most likely to suffer boils is in hairy areas such as the neck. More likely to appear when the body is run-down. APPEARANCE: Starts as a small nodule (red) gets bigger and becomes inflamed. Fills with pus until they burst! May be very painful 2-Impetigo Cause: Bacterial infection of the epidermis. Highly contagious Common in children or people living closely together. First appears as a dark red spot which develops into a blister the blisters then burst spreading the infection and finally forming a yellow crust. 3. Stye Bacterial infection which causes a small boil in the glands at the root of the eyelashes (may be caused by cross infection of bacteria from the nose or mouth) Starts as a tiny, red swelling on the eyelid, very painful, this develops pus which leaks out. 4-Conjunctivitis Usually a bacterial condition but can be triggered by a virus or irritants in the eye (grit) and can be an allergic reaction to a cosmetic product Affects the very thin skin which covers the white of the eye and the inner eyelid eyes appear red and ‘sticky’ SKIN INFECTIONS CAUSED BY VIRUS: 1.Herpes Simplex Cold Sore The herpes virus infects the sensory nerve cells – the virus stays in the cells and reoccurs throughout life, often reactivated when the body is rundown. The first signs of the virus are tingling, burning, itching 2. Herpes Zoster Shingles Caused by the chickenpox virus may lie dormant in the nerve cells until reactivated in adult life when the body is rundown. Very painful, can feel ill and feverish Appears as a rash and blisters along the sensory nerve pathways (often on the torso) blisters may crust over leaving scarring that can last a few weeks. SKIN INFECTIONS CAUSED BY FUNGI? Tinea corporis or Ringworm of the body The ringworm fungus breaks down the keratin in the skin, hair and nails. The Ringworm of the body appears as a small, red, ring shape with slight scaling. Can vary from mild scaling to severe inflamed itchy patches. what is one of the functions of the lymphatic system (think carrying substances) 1. Drain Fluid: The lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid, along with various substances, from the tissues throughout the body. This fluid becomes lymph. One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells and cellular waste, throughout the body. 2.Immune ResponseThey contains specialized white blood cells (lymphocytes) that help filter and remove harmful substances, foreign particles, and pathogens from the lymph. 3. Absorb Fats where does lymph empty when circulation through the body? Lymph eventually empties into the bloodstream when circulating through the body. It is actually subclavian veins. what prevents lymph from flowing back when travelling around the body? The flow of lymph is prevented from flowing back by one-way valves present in the lymphatic vessels. These valves act as checkpoints, ensuring that lymph moves in one direction—towards the heart. As lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels, these valves close behind it, preventing any backward flow. In the pelvic and leg area, the main groups of lymph nodes are: 1. Inguinal Lymph Nodes: These lymph nodes are located in the groin region, near the crease between the upper thigh and the lower abdomen. They receive lymphatic drainage from the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and genital area. 2.Femoral Lymph Nodes: Found along the femoral artery in the upper thigh, these nodes receive lymphatic drainage from the lower leg and foot. what does the central nervous system consist of? brain and spinal cord. what is the main function of the nervous system? The main function of the nervous system is to transmit messages to and from the brain, coordinating and regulating body functions in response to stimuli. It acts as the body's communication network. which structures form part of the alimentary canal (think top to middle)? mout, Pharynx, The esophagus also known as the gastrointestinal (GI), Stomach, Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. what is the purpose of the myelin sheath covering an axon (think nerves, impulse, conduction)? The myelin sheath significantly speeds up nerve conduction, allowing for rapid and efficient communication between different parts of the nervous system. The myelin sheath is a protective and insulating layer that surrounds specific axons in the nervous system. Our skin has a thin, protective layer on its surface, referred to as the acid mantle. This acid mantle is made up of sebum (free fatty acids) excreted from the skin's sebaceous glands, which mixes with lactic and amino acids from sweat to create the skin's pH, which ideally should be slightly acidic, at about 5.5 Basal Layer = Mitosis Within the layers of the epidermis, there are varying types of cells, each with a different structure and function: The deepest layer of the epidermis, the basal layer, also called the stratum germinativum, is directly on top of the dermis. New skin cells are formed through cell division (mitosis) to replace those shed continuously from the upper layers of the epidermis. KERATINISATION: Chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells. As new skin cells at the basal layer of the epidermis are formed, the older cells are pushed up towards the skin’s surface as they die and harden. This process of keratinisation makes the skin strong and resilient. MELANIN PRODUCTION Melanin is a Pigment that gives human skin, hair and eyes their colour. Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the basal layer. Melanin provides some protection against the skin. damage from the sun. Themelanocytesincreasetheirproductionofmelanin in response to sun exposure. Dark-skinned people have more melanin in their skin than light-skinned people. ABSORPTION Transdermal Penetration – The process of absorption of substances into the skin Three primary ways that products are absorbed into the skin: Through the pores, Through hair follicles, Through sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. Factors affecting skin absorption include the Condition of the stratum corneum. Hydration level, Oiliness of skin, Size of product’s molecules, Temperature of skin, Pore size.