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electrotherapy techniques p2: Electro Muscle Stimulator (EMS)- damp, solution applied (dependant on manufacturer's instructions), flat to the skin surface, apply to motor point of muscle, (intensity, frequency, timing, contraction and relaxation as per client comfort), the area being worked, manufacturer's instructions. Maintain electrodes- electrodes should be cleaned with damp cotton wool and surgical spirit at the end of each treatment and should not be immersed in water. Ventouse-size type appropriate to the area being worked, no more than 20% skin suction, upward towards the lymph node remove suction at the end of the stroke with a finger under the cup or finger released from the hole Maintenance of ventouse-cleaned in warm soapy water, immersed in sterilising fluid or wiped with surgical spirit. Galvanic-application of desincrustation! iontophoresis gel/solution. Galvanic electrode preparation-client holds indifferent electrode, wrapped in a damp sponge envelope, use roller, ball or tweezer electrodes depending on the area. keep the electrode moving, do not break contact with the client's skin, and follow the timings and intensity identified by the manufacturer Maintenance of galvanic electrodes: Clean with damp cotton wool to remove any product, and wipe over with surgical spirit. do not immerse in water sponge cover can be rinsed in water. Direct high-frequency application of cream or talc, the electrode should be in contact with the skin, keep the electrode moving, and treatment timing relevant to skin type. Indirect high-frequency - application of massage cream/oil, the client holds the saturator electrode, applies generally, massage, and remove the product with damp sponges. Maintenance of high-frequency electrodes. Remove excess product, cleanse with surgical spirit or suitable disinfectant, and do not immerse in water. Microcurrent-used with appropriate lubricant, follow manufacturer's instructions, electrodes used following manufacturer's diagrams, intensity and frequency Maintenance of microcurrent electrodes Remove excess product, cleanse with surgical spirit or suitable disinfectant, do not immerse in water. Electrical current: Alternating current -interrupted current, changing direction of flow, direct current uses effects of polarity, constant flow in one direction, chemical action, anode (+) and cathode (-) frequency and electrons, bi-phasic and mono-phasic. Treatment adaptations Adjust treatment to suit skin sensitivity, visual erythema, the intensity turned down, timing shortened, frequency of treatment, the combination of electrical equipment, products applied to the skin, adjust intensity over specific areas EMS treatment technique: Possible effects-improved firmness of facial muscles, improved circulation, increased metabolism of stimulated muscles, waste products more readily removed from muscles Possible benefits-improved skin condition for mature clients/clients who lack muscle tone. Possible contra-actions - muscle fatigue (overstimulation of muscles, gentle massage over the area), erythema (apply cold compress), Galvanic treatment technique Possible effects-increased blood and lymphatic circulation, improved function of skin, improved appearance of the skin, and improved texture (through desquamation). skin types and conditions treated through the application of specific gets/ampoules, dispersal of waste products and fluid from area Possible benefits-clients with specific skin conditions, improved skin appearance, deep cleansing Possible contra-actions-burn (sterile cold water), excessive erythema (apply cooling/soothing mask). High-frequency (direct) treatment technique: Possible effects-warm skin increased circulation, lymphatic circulation and metabolism to the area, stimulation of nerve endings, germicidal effect, drying effect. Possible benefits-improved skin condition for oily skin conditions, mild acne, sluggish skins. Possible contra-actions-excessive erythema (cold compress, apply cooling/soothing mask), tissue destruction (caused by sparking). High-frequency indirect) treatment technique Possible effects-increased sebaceous activity, improved circulation, lymphatic circulation and drainage. Possible benefits-dry/dehydrated skins. improved skin appearance, soften/plump fine lines and wrinkles. Possible contra-actions-excessive erythema (cold compress, applying cooling/ soothing mask), tissue destruction (caused by sparking). Lymphatic drainage treatment technique Possible effects- improved blood and lymphatic circulation, stimulation of sluggish skin, reduced oedema, desquamation and fine lines skin conditions, improved skin appearance. Possible benefits-mature clients, dry Possible contra-actions - bruising (caused by high pressure, pulling cup off the skin, over treatment, stationary cup for too long, applying cold compress), over-stretching of skin (caused by over treatment, high pressure over loose skin). Microcurrent treatment technique: Possible effects- improved blood circulation, improved lymphatic circulation, Improved muscle and skin tone, stimulates cellular function, treatment of fine lines and wrinkles. Possible benefits-mature clients. improved skin appearance, improved facial contours, fine lines and wrinkles. Possible contra-actions-muscle fatigue (caused by incorrect intensity or frequency. apply gentle massage). Evaluation and client satisfaction: Agree on results verbally and written through client feedback on the record card, client objective, results of treatment, before and after photos, future treatments, record adjustments for the next treatment, and accurately record details on the record card. Skin: Epidermis-stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum comeum. Dermis blood/lymph supply, papillary using electrotherapy (continued) layer reticular layer, collagen, elastin, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts, hair, dermal papilla, sebaceous glands and sebum, arrector pili muscle sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine. sensory nerve endings). Hypodermis-subcutaneous layer. adipose tissue, adipocytes. Functions of the Skin: Secretion, heat regulation, absorption, protection, elimination, sensation, vitamin D production, melanin production Understand the process of keratinisation Examples of skin diseases and disorders: Congenital eczema, psoriasis. Bacterial-acne vulgaris, acne rosacea folliculitis, boils (furuncles), impetigo. Viral-warts, verruca, herpes simplex (HSV), herpes zoster Fungal - tinea (pedis, corporis, ungium) Infestations-scabies, pediculosis (capitas, pubis). Pigmentation-vitiligo, albinism, chloasma, ephelides, lentigo, papilloma naevae, port wine stains. Others- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanomas. Cells and tissue (structure): Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi apparatus. rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Cells and tissue (functions): Metabolism, respiration, growth, excretion, movement, irritability, and reproduction. Position of bones: Shoulder girdle (clavicle, scapula), skull (frontal, occipital. parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal. Lymphatic system: Functions of the lymphatic system- fluid distribution fighting infection, transport nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, lacrimal turbinator, palatine, vomer, hyoid)/ Skeletal functions: Support, joints, movement, protection, attachment, mineral source, blood cell formation. Muscle functions: Contraction, relaxation. attachment, movement (Bexion, extension. abduction, adduction, supination, pronation. rotation, circumduction, inversion, eversion. plantarflexion, dorsiflexion), tone, tension, fatigue. Muscles of the head, face and neck: Buccinator, corrugator, depressor labli angull, depressor labii inferioris, frontalis, levator anguli onis, levator labii superioris.. levator palpebrae, levator scapula, masseter, mentalis, nasalis, occipitalis orbicularis oculi, orsicularis oris, platysma, procerus, pterygoids, risorius, stemo-cleido mastoid, temporalis, zygomaticus. Nervous system (functions): Respond to stimuli, process sensory information, and sense change (internal/external). Nervous system (structure): Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system (somatic/autonomic). Circulatory system: Functions of blood transport, regulation protection. Arteries-internal and external carotid, occipital, temporal, facial. Veins-internal and external jugular. occipital, temporal, and subclavian. Blood composition - erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes, plasma. Circulation-heart, pulmonary circulation, capillaries, systemic circulation. Functions of lymph nodes-filter toxins, clean lymphatic fluid, antibodies and antitasina, produce lymphocytes. Position of lymph nodes-occipital, mastoid, superficial cervical, deep cervical parotid, buccal, submental, submandibular Ageing process: Loss of elasticity, dryness of skin, cell regeneration slows, thinning of the skin, broken capillaries, slack muscle tone, poor circulation, waste product removal slows, less fatty tissue, irregular pigmentation Lifestyle factors that affect the skin Occupation, diet and fluid intake, sleep patterns, smoking, exercise, hobbies, home situation, stress levels, medication, illness, premature ageing, poor skin condition, loss of muscle tone, dehydration, poor circulation, excess fatty tissue, increased cellulite, slow metabolism, cell regeneration and growth. Environmental factors that affect skin UV light, weather, central heating, drugs, alcohol, serious illness, medication, occupation, dryness, dehydration, premature ageing, wrinkles and loss of elasticity, and a slower metabolism.