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Fauces – posterior opening of the mouth (similar to the posterior nares of the nasal cavity) spelled F A U C E S Parotid Salivary Gland – located in the cheek Submandibular Salivary Gland – below the mandible Sublingual Salivary Gland – below the tongue Teeth Types: Incisors – front 4 on top and bottom; thin teeth with flat edge Canine – 1 is located on each side of the incisors; thin teeth with pointed edge Premolars Molars Regions: Crown – region that can be seen in a healthy mouth Neck – thinner region found at gum line, normally not seen unless gums have receded Root – region embedded in the jaw, bicuspids and molars have 2-3 branches of these Tissue Layers: Enamel – outer layer of the crown; usually white unless stained Dentin – middle tissue located in all three regions of the tooth Cementum – “cements the tooth to the jaw”; outer layer of the root Pulp – blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues found within the spaces of the teeth Pulp cavity – open space within the crown Root canal – open space within the root Stomach: Regions: Cardiac – connects to esophagus Cardiac opening – where food enters the stomach Fundus – curved portion extending away from the small intestine SPELLED F - U - N – D-U- S Pyloric region – funnel-shaped region connecting to the small intestine Pyloric valve – This structure is a constricted portion located inside the wall of the stomach where it connects to small intestine. Body – the largest region which makes up the rest of the organ Features: Greater curvature Lesser curvature Greater omentum – peritoneal tissue that connects to greater curvature and hangs over intestines like an apron (best seen on older intestine model) Lesser omentum – peritoneal tissue that connects lesser curvature to liver (not well shown on models, but know its description for the exam) Rugae – folds within the stomach that allow it to expand when filling with food Small Intestine: Mesentery – peritoneum located between portions of the small intestine to stabilize intestine location, look for the presence of blood vessels that wind through the mesentery (also best seen on older intestine model) Regions: Duodenum – connects to stomach, shortest region, also where liver and pancreatic secretions are added to the alimentary canal Jejunum – middle portion Ileum - connects to the large intestine, longest region Large Intestine: Ileocecal Valve – separates the ileum of small intestine and the first region of the large intestine spelled ill e o cecal Vermiform Appendix – finger-like extension off of the cecum Regions: Cecum – connects to small intestine Sigmoid colon – has curves like an “S” or a sigmoid wave; look for this on isolated intestines, NOT on digestive board model Features: Haustrae – bulges of the intestinal wall Taeniae coli – bands of smooth muscle that run along the length of the large intestine Plicae semilunares – constrictions at the edge of each haustrum; separating the haustrae Pancreas: Ducts: Pancreatic duct – tubing of pancreas Common bile duct – tubing of liver containing bile (hint: bile is always dark green) Duodenal papilla – “point” created where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together in the duodenum Liver: Lobes: Right – largest lobe, easiest to find on the anterior side first Left – easiest to find on the anterior side first Caudate – visible from posterior and inferior surfaces, between the left and right lobes Quadrate – four Q visible from inferior surface, between gallbladder and left lobe Ligaments: Falciform ligament – between right and left lobes Round ligament – between left and quadrate lobes Hilus/hilum – indented area where tubing connects to the organ Gallbladder – bile-filled sac (hint: green!) easily seen on inferior surface; where bile is stored and concentrated Common hepatic duct – collects all bile from the liver and joins with both of the ducts listed below Cystic duct – connects the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder Common bile duct – collects bile from the liver (common hepatic duct) and gallbladder (cystic duct) and carries it to the duodenum.   Digestive Histology: Esophagus: Lumen Mucosa – innermost major wall layer Sublayers: Stratified squamous epithelium Basement membrane (or lamina propria or basal lamina) – made of connective tissue Muscularis mucosa – thin, chunky appearance, darkly stained, may be found surrounded by basement membrane or submucosa Submucosa – next major wall layer working outward, connective tissues outside of muscularis mucosa, blood vessels present Structures within submucosa: Mucous glands – clusters of round, donut-like structures Alveoli – individual round, donut-like structures that make up the mucous glands Ducts of mucous glands – tubes that extend through the submucosa and the mucosa to the lumen where mucous is secreted Muscularis externa – next major wall layer working outward, mostly smooth muscle Sublayers: Circular – inner Longitudinal – outer Adventitia – outermost major wall layer, connective tissues outside of muscularis externa, blood vessels present   Stomach: Lumen Rugae - larger hill-like structures - can be seen by eye if you have the correct slide…this slide is also good for everything BUT the cells of the gastric gland Mucosa – innermost major wall layer Features: Simple columnar epithelium – innermost sublayer Gastric pits – slit like openings in the rugae Gastric glands – dense tissues between the pits and the muscularis mucosa sublayer Features of the gastric glands (best seen on darkly stained slice of stomach slide): Lumen Chief cell – purple Parietal cell - pink Muscularis mucosa - outermost sublayer Submucosa – next major wall layer working outward, thin layer here, connective tissues outside of muscularis mucosa, blood vessels present Muscularis externa – next major wall layer working outward, smooth muscle Sublayers: Oblique - inner Circular – middle Longitudinal – outer Serosa – outermost major wall layer, very thin, connective and epithelial tissues outside of muscularis externa, blood vessels may be present. This is part of the visceral peritoneum. Small Intestine (Duodenum): Lumen – may be squished and hard to see due to slide preparation Mucosa – innermost major wall layer Features: Villi – finger-like extensions of the intestinal wall made of many cells. (These are structures!!) Simple columnar epithelium - innermost sublayer Cells in the epithelium: Absorptive – the columnar epithelial cells that have microvilli Microvilli – structures of the epithelial cells Goblet cells Intestinal glands (also called Intestinal Crypts) – donut-like structures in the mucosal layer, made of simple columnar epithelium Muscularis mucosa sublayer Submucosa – next major wall layer working outward, thin layer here, connective tissues outside of muscularis mucosa, blood vessels present Duodenal or Brunner’s Glands – donut-like structures in the submucosal layer, made of simple cuboidal epithelium Muscularis externa – next major wall layer working outward, mostly smooth muscle Sublayers: Circular – inner Longitudinal – outer Serosa – outermost major wall layer, very thin, connective and epithelial tissues outside of muscularis externa, blood vessels may be present. This is part of the visceral peritoneum. Colon: Lumen – may be squished and hard to see due to slide preparation Mucosa – innermost major wall layer Features: Simple columnar epithelium - innermost sublayer Cells in the epithelium: Absorptive – the columnar cells Goblet cells – MUCH more concentrated here than in the small intestine!! Intestinal glands – make up most of the mucosal layer, if you can find a goblet cell, you are looking at an intestinal gland Muscularis mucosa sublayer Submucosa – next major wall layer working outward, thin layer here, connective tissues outside of muscularis mucosa, blood vessels present Muscularis externa – next major wall layer working outward, mostly smooth muscle Sublayers: Circular – inner Longitudinal – outer Serosa – outermost major wall layer, very thin, connective and epithelial tissues outside of muscularis externa, blood vessels may be present. This is part of the visceral peritoneum. Pancreas: Lobules – block-like chunks of tissue of the pancreas Acini – flower-like background of the lobule Islets of Langerhans (also called Pancreatic Islets) – “tumor-like”, lighter stained areas in lobule studied earlier this semester Ducts: Intralobular Ducts – inside lobule, simple cuboidal epithelium Interlobular Ducts – larger, between lobules, simple cuboidal epithelium Liver: Lobules – block-like chunks of tissue of the liver Features within the lobule: Central Vein – large vessel usually located near middle of each lobule Simple squamous epithelium of the central vein Sinusoids – smaller vessels that eventually connect to the central vein Hepatic cells – the cells that make up most of the lobule Interlobular Area (or Portal Space)– connective tissue between the lobules Features within the interlobular area: Interlobular Vein – largest, thin-walled vessels Hepatic Artery – smaller diameter with a thick wall Bile Duct – simple cuboidal epithelium with lighter staining, looks almost flower-like