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English school theory English School' was first coined by Roy Jones in an article published in the Review of International Studies in 1981, entitled "The English school”. The theory is sometimes called liberal realism as it is considered a neutral ground between realist and liberal perspectives. The intellectual origin of theory can be found in the works of different schoolers from the London School of Economics. The schoolers challenge the dichotomy of the two mainstream theories. they argue that realism is more focused on power politics and liberalism is focused on cosmopolitanism. According to English school theory, the study of international relations should not be restricted to interstate relations as realists do. Instead, global politics as an all including non-governmental organizations, individuals-state actors, and states should be the subject theorists argue that it is not possible to fully escape from the values and subjective ideas of researchers so it would not be possible to conduct full positivist research in international relations in this sense, English scope distances itself from positivism to a certain extent English school accepts the existence of anarchy in the world but argues that there is also room for cooperation Anarchy and cooperation exist at the same time in the world but how and why the answer is simple thanks to the existence of an international Society or a society of states according to this approach states can cooperate under Anarchy because the world consists of a community of states with similar Norms values and practices since these states have many similarities in terms of their norms and values it is easier for them to interact with each other through diplomacy and their problems with international law and not Wars or any sort of conflict by being a member of such Community States learn to live with each other throughout time because they recognize each other as equals and respect each other's sovereignty there are three forms of world societies that the states can find themselves in according to English school the first form is the international society in which Anarchy coexists with cooperation this is our world right now the second form is called the International System which is a typical home scene Machiavellian world with anarchy and no shared rules or institutions according to this theorization all states are the members with of International System but not necessarily members of the International Society, for example, an isolated country like North Korea is a member of International System but not International Society the last form is called world society and this form is more like what Emmanuel Kant has foreseen this is an Ideal World in which there is constant peace and no conflict CRITICISM The English School scholarship techniques lack clarity. For instance, the theoretical assertions made by the English School lack clarity, and there is little consideration of research design. In contrast to constructivist research in the American IR tradition, where there is an emphasis on constitutive causality - "how things are constituted makes other things (and in that sense causes them)," Martha Fennimore highlighted that the English School is reticent to specify its causal assertions. She also points out that the English School does not do hypothesis testing and that their writings resemble the in-depth histories of historians rather than the usual social science works. "Wight's greatest oversight... is his lack of the scientific or behavioral search for laws of action (or contingent generalizations) about world politics," wrote Keohane in a 1992 evaluation of Martin Wight's work.