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Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms Define the following terms: homeostasis the condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working together to maintain internal stability. metabolism physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body. organ structural unit in the human body that performs a specific function. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms Define the following terms: tissue group of cells that performs a similar task. cell basic structural unit of the body that divides, develops, and dies, renewing tissues and organs. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms Remember these points about the health of body systems: Signs are objective information about a person’s health, such as blood pressure measurements, or the amounts of certain substances in the blood Symptoms are subjective information about a person’s health, such as reports of fatigue or pain Blood draws may be ordered in response to symptoms a patient is experiencing Testing may also be ordered to monitor a patient’s treatment Describe the integumentary system Define the following terms: integument a natural protective covering dilate to widen. constrict to narrow. antibody a protein made by the body to protect against foreign substances. Describe the integumentary system Remember the following points about the integumentary system: Largest organ and system Natural protective covering Prevents excessive loss of water and injury to internal organs Skin made of tissue and glands Skin is a sense organ Regulates body temperature Describe the integumentary system REMEMBER: Capillaries are in the dermis, or inner layer of skin. Phlebotomy technicians puncture the skin to access capillaries for capillary blood collection. Describe the integumentary system Phlebotomy connection: integumentary system Allergies and other conditions can cause symptoms that affect the integumentary system Blood tests such as IgE and complete blood count (CBC) may be ordered when allergies are suspected Describe the musculoskeletal system Define the following terms: joint the place at which two bones meet. muscles group of tissues that provides movement of body parts, protection of organs, and creation of body heat. Describe the musculoskeletal system Remember the following points about the musculoskeletal system: The human body has 206 bones Two bones meet at joint (for movement). Joints make movement possible in either all directions or in one direction only Muscles provide movement and produce body heat Muscles are either voluntary (e.g., arm and leg muscles) or involuntary (e.g., the heart) System gives the body shape and structure, allows for movement, protects body organs, maintains posture, and produces heat Describe the nervous system Define the following terms: central nervous system (CNS) the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. peripheral nervous system (PNS) part of the nervous system made up of the nerves that extend throughout the body. Describe the nervous system Remember the following points about the nervous system: Control and message center of body Controls and coordinates all body functions Senses information from outside the body Two main parts: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves) Describe the nervous system Other sense organs also work with the nervous system: Nose Tongue Skin Describe the nervous system Phlebotomy connection: nervous system Stroke (medical term: cerebrovascular accident) is a common disorder of the nervous system There is no single blood test for stroke, but when stroke is suspected, blood tests may be ordered to rule out other possible causes of the patient’s symptoms Blood tests to check for abnormal blood clotting may also help diagnose a stroke Researchers are working to develop blood tests for nervous system disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis, but definitive tests for these conditions do not yet exist Describe the respiratory system Define the following term: respiration the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs. Describe the respiratory system Phlebotomy connection: respiratory system Blood gas testing evaluates the function of the respiratory system Usually conducted on arterial blood Arterial blood draws are beyond the scope of practice for PBTs In infants blood gas test may be conducted using capillary blood Cystic fibrosis is an illness that causes frequent respiratory illnesses Blood tests commonly performed on infants include screening for cystic fibrosis Describe the urinary system Remember the following point about the urinary system: Functions are to Eliminate wastes Maintain water balance Describe the urinary system Phlebotomy connection: urinary system Many PBTs are also trained to collect urine specimens Urine specimens are tested for many different reasons. Detecting urinary tract infection is one of the most common A series of blood tests often ordered to evaluate kidney health is known as a renal panel Describe the gastrointestinal system Define the following term: glucose natural sugar. Describe the gastrointestinal system Remember the following points about the gastrointestinal system: Digestion prepares food for absorption into cells Elimination is expelling solid wastes Pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that moves glucose (sugar) from blood and into cells Describe the gastrointestinal system Phlebotomy connection: gastrointestinal system Blood tests for certain antibodies can help diagnose digestive disorders such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis Many blood tests relate to liver function. Hepatic function panel checks for certain substances and enzymes help a doctor determine if a patient’s liver is functioning properly PBTs may assist in collecting stool samples or in conducting tests such as testing stool for hidden (occult) blood Describe the endocrine system Define the following terms hormone a chemical substance created by that body that controls body functions. diabetes a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin. gestational diabetes a form of diabetes associated with pregnancy. Describe the endocrine system Remember the following points about the endocrine system: Glands produce and secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that control numerous body functions Hormones are carried by the blood to organs in order to achieve the following: Maintain homeostasis Influence growth and development Regulate blood sugar levels Regulate calcium levels in bones Regulate body’s ability to reproduce Determine metabolism, the burning of food for heat and energy Describe the endocrine system Remember the following points about the endocrine system: Glands produce and secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that control numerous body functions Hormones are carried by the blood to organs in order to achieve the following: Maintain homeostasis Influence growth and development Regulate blood sugar levels Regulate calcium levels in bones Regulate body’s ability to reproduce Determine metabolism, the burning of food for heat and energy Describe the endocrine system Phlebotomy connection: endocrine system Blood tests for glucose are very common. Blood glucose tests can aid in diagnosing and managing diabetes Patients may test their own blood using point-of-care glucose meters, or PBTs may conduct these tests if trained to do so (they are CLIA waived tests) Glucose challenge and glucose tolerance tests are very commonly ordered during pregnancy Endocrine system disorders such as hypo- and hyperthyroidism are monitored through the use of blood tests Describe the reproductive system Phlebotomy connection: reproductive system Both blood tests and urine tests may be used to confirm pregnancy Pregnancy tests measure levels of hCG, a pregnancy-related hormone Blood tests are ordered throughout pregnancy for a number of reasons Blood tests may also be used in the course of infertility treatment Describe the immune and lymphatic system Define the following terms: nonspecific immunity a type of immunity that protects the body from disease in general. specific immunity a type of immunity that protects the body against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time. lymph a clear yellowish fluid that carries disease- fighting cells called lymphocytes. Describe the immune and lymphatic system Remember the following points about the immune system: Nonspecific immunity protects the body from disease in general Specific immunity protects the body against a particular disease invading the body at a given time Describe the immune and lymphatic system Remember the following points about the lymphatic system: Functions of system are to remove excess fluids and waste products and to help the immune system fight infections It is closely related to the circulatory system because lymph fluid, after being purified in the lymph nodes, flows into the bloodstream It has no pump but is circulated by muscle activity, massage, and breathing Describe the immune and lymphatic system Phlebotomy connection: immune and lymphatic systems Both autoimmune diseases and conditions depressing the immune system may require blood tests for diagnosis and monitoring Blood tests may be ordered to test for specific antibodies Blood tests can also determine the speed and efficiency of the immune system’s response