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The next reason why reconstruction was doomed from the start was because of racism. One example of racism was black codes. Black codes were placed to restrict African American lives, by prohibiting blacks to carry weapons, serving on juries, and many testified against them marrying whites. Mississippi and South Carolina had first enacted black codes in 1865, other southern states rapidly followed. The next example of racism is President Johnson believing that former slaves should not vote. Although Johnson supported the abolition of slavery, he was not in favor of slaves gaining the right to vote. Andrew Johnson pardoned more than 13,000 former confederates because he believed white men alone must manage the south. Another example of racism is literacy tests. Once the 15th amendment was ratified in 1870, almost 90% percent of African Americans were qualified to vote. Literacy tests were later placed to prevent African Americans from registering to vote. The final example of racism was the KKK. The KKK or otherwise known as the Ku Klux Klan was a domestic terrorist organization founded shortly after the United States Civil War ended. The Ku Klux Klan was not fond of African Americans having the right to vote. Out of this indifferent, the KKK used secrecy, intimidation, violence, and murder to prevent formerly enslaved African-American men from voting. Hence, reconstruction was doomed from the start because of racism.