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When the tectonic plates along the Earth's crust interact, they often push rock upward ( tectonic uplift ) and form a variety of mountains . When warm air rises and pushes clouds toward the top of a mountain, the higher altitude and lower air pressure causes the clouds to rain. That rain water flows back down the mountain, forming rivers and valleys . That rain stays on the windward side of the mountain range, while the other downwind side ( leeward ) loses moisture to the hotter air and thus stays relatively dry and arid ( rain shadow