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1. Columbian Exchange the series of cultural, political, and economic exchanges that transformed Europe and the Americas. 2. Conquistador Spanish explorers and conquerors who helped discover and dismantle indigenous civilizations of the Americas in the 16th Century. 3. Mercantilism a set of principles that dominated economic though in the 17th and 18th Centuries; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver. 4. Colony a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country. 5. Middle Passage the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. 6. Divine Right a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. 7. Enlightenment a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. 8. philosophe one of the deistic or materialistic writers and thinkers of the 18th century French Enlightenment. 9. The Social Contract an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits 10. John Locke an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". 11. Mary Wollstonecraft English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women 12. Jean Jacques Rousseau a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought. 13. Constitutional Monarchy a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in deciding. 14. How did the Enlightenment change government and society? The Enlightenment changed government and society by changing democratic values and institutions, and creating modern day liberal democracies. 15. Bourgeoisie The middle class, made up of merchants, industrialists, and other professional people. 16. Salon a place where civilians of all social classes could gather and discuss ideas. 17. Guillotine a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people. 18. The Bastille an old prison and armory where they planned to take the gunpowder inside and free the prisoners. 19. Reign of Terror a time in the French Revolution where a special committee called "The Committee on Public Safety" led by the radical Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre took control and attempted to eliminate "domestic threats" to the revolution. 20. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen A declaration inspired by the Declaration of independence that stated, all men were free and equal before the law, that appointment to public office should be based on talent and no one should be exempt from taxation. 21. Marie Antoinette queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband 22. King Louis XVI the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. 23. Robespierre a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. 24. Napoleon Bonaparte a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. 25. Causes and Effects of the French Revolution? The French Revolution was caused by social inequality, the enlightenment, political circumstances, and religious discontent. The effects of the French Revolution were religion losing importance, rise of modern nationalism, and spread of liberalism. 26. Industrial Revolution the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States 27. Cottage Industry a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home. 28. Explain how Cottage Industries worked and why they became obsolete. People would produce goods in their own homes, and then sell it to local communities. It became obsolete because people could not keep up with the speed that machines made the products at. 29. Urbanization (urbanism) the process attributed to the growth of cities, including the large swaths of human populations that move into and settle these areas. 30. Entrepreneur a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so. 31. Cause and Origination of the Industrial Revolution in Britain? The Industrial Revolution appeared in Britain because it gave them access to raw materials, trade routes, social changes, and a stable government. It originated from an increase in food production. 32. Imperialism the extension of a nation's power over other lands. 33. Indigenous native to a region. 34. Roosevelt Corollary an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 35. Dollar Diplomacy a form of American foreign policy to minimize the use or threat of military force and instead further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through the use of its economic power 36. Viceroy a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign. 37. Sepoy an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. 38. dowry the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband or his family in marriage