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The most chronic form, present for weeks or even months, is described as a “closed cavity” inflammatory process in which a lesion becomes somewhat "walled off" and therefore consumes fewer neutrophils, yet still stimulates maximal bone marrow production. Examples of closed cavity processes are pyometra in dogs and traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) in cattle. In these conditions, the magnitude of total WBC concentration, consisting of neutrophilia, may be as high as 100,000/μL (100 × 109/L) in dogs. Extreme neutrophilia, exceeding upper reference limits usually seen in inflammation, may be associated with leukemia, Hepatozoon canis infections, and rarely other neoplasms that produce colony-stimulating factors.