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Science Final Outline. Topic 4 Ecosystems. What is a producer? -an organism that can make its own food. -they capture sunlight and turn it into food, a process called photosynthesis. Three types of consumers. -carnivores- they are consumers that only eat meat. -herbivores- they are consumers that only eat plants and other photosynthesis organisms. -omnivores- they are consumers that eat both plants and animals. What is photosynthesis? -the process by which plants and other autotrophs capture and use light energy to make food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water. -in the first stage, the chloroplast in the leaves captures energy from the sun. -in the second stage, using water, carbon dioxide, and the energy from the sun, a chemical reaction is created and glucose (sugar) is made. Know the difference between a food chain and food web. Food chain. -a simple chain showing how energy and matter flows from one organism to the next by eating and being eaten. Food web. -it shows patterns of overlapping feeding relationships of food chains among various organisms in an ecosystem. -it shows how organisms can have more than one role in the ecosystem (eating others and being eaten). -it’s a more realistic way of showing how energy and matter cycle through the ecosystem because it shows the multiple paths energy and matter can take through an organism. Know the difference between a first level, second level and third level consumer. -energy in most ecosystems comes from sunlight which is then converted by producers into food. -the energy then moves up from the producers to the first level consumers to the second level consumers to the third level consumers and finally to the decomposers. -decomposers break down the waste and remains of other organisms. First level consumers. -organisms that feed directly on plants. Second level consumers. -organisms that eat the first level consumers. Third level consumers. -organisms that eat the second level sonsumers. What is an energy pyramid? . -it is a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves up from one feeding level to another. Where is most energy available in an energy pyramid? -the most energy available in an energy pyramid is at the bottom of the energy pyramid where the producers are. How much energy is transferred to the next level in an energy pyramid? -around 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next level. -the other 90% is used by the organism itself to carry out basic life functions. -there are usually fewer organisms at the highest level due to the lower amounts of energy they are getting. Know the processes involved in the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, and precipitation). Evaporation. -molecules change from a liquid state to a gas state. -water on earth evaporates from the ocean, lakes, and rivers and forms into water vapor. -the energy for evaporation comes from the heat of the sun. Condensation. -water vapor changes to a liquid. -as the water vapor rises higher into the atmosphere, it cools and turns back to liquid water. -these water droplets collect particles of dust and form clouds. Precipitation. -rain, snow, sleet, or hail fall from the clouds back to earth. -precipitation that falls onto land is called groundwater or runoff. What is population density? -the amount of individuals per unit area. -used to find the size of an area’s population. What is the equation to find population density? -Population density = Number of individuals/unit area. What are limiting factors? -environmental factors that cause a population to decrease in size. Ex. food, water, climate, weather, space, and shelter. Difference between abiotic and biotic factors. -abiotic factors are not living while biotic factors are living. Difference between population and community. Population. -all members of the same species that live in the same ecosystem (ex. All humans in a neighborhood). Community. -made up of all the different populations living in the same ecosystem (ex. All dogs, humans, cats, etc. in a neighborhood). Topic 9 Electricity and Magnetism What is a magnet? -any material that contains or attracts iron. How do magnet field lines look around a bar magnet? -single magnetic field lines spread out from one pole, curve around the magnet to the other pole, and makes complete loops. -arrows always point from the north pole to the south pole. -magnetic field lines never cross one another. Know how magnet poles that are alike behave. -they will repel each other. Know how magnet poles that are unlike behave. -they will attract each other. Difference between a galvanometer and electric motor. -a galvanometer is a device that uses an electromagnet to detect small amounts of current. -an electric motor is a device that uses an electric current to transform electric energy into mechanical energy. How can you increase the strength of an electromagnet field? -increase the number of coils. -move the coils closer together. -increase the strength of the current through the wire. -add more magnetic materials to it. What is a solenoid? -a coiled wire with a current. -the two ends of the solenoid act as the two poles of a magnet. -the two poles can change direction depending on which way the current in the wire is flowing. What is static discharge? -the loss of static electricity as electric charges transfer from one object to another. -negatively charged objects will gradueally lose loose electrons that are let out into the air so that the object becomes neutral. Difference between insulator and conductor. -an insulator is a material where the electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, making it difficult for the charges to flow through. -a conductor is a material where the electrons are loosely bound to their atoms, making it easy for the charges to flow through. Examples of an insulator. -rubber. -wood. -glass. Examples of a conductor. -silver. -copper. -gold. What is an ampere? -the rate in which electric current is measured. -the number of amperes describes the amount of charge that passes by a given point each second. Difference between induction and conduction. -in induction, the objects havr no direct contact and electrons react to the electric field, one of the objects has a buildup of harges on one of its sides. -in conduction, the objects have direct contact, electrons transfer from a negatively charged object to a more positively charged object. Examples of a ferromagnetic material. -a ferromagnetic material is a material that is strongly magnetized in the direction of a magnetic field when subjected to one. Ex. iron, nickel, and cobalt. Topic 6 Distribution of Natural Resources What are fossil fuels? -energy rich substance formed from the remains of organisms. What fossil fuel is present in the largest amount in the US? -coal. What is wind energy? -occurs when wind turns the blades of a turbine which can generate electricity. -it is an indirect form of solar energy. -it doesn’t cause air or water pollution. What is coal formed from? -the remains of plants that died long ago in and around swampy areas. -the decomposing plant matter becomes peat and under millions of years of heat and pressure, the peat becomes compacted to form coal. Example of biomass fuels. -biomass fuels are fuels made from living things. Ex. fuel from sugarcane. What is geothermal energy? -energy that comes from intense heat in earth’ interior, the hot magma inside earth. Difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources. -a renewable resource is a natural resource that is either always available or is naturally replaced in a relatively short period of time. -a nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that is never replaced for takes millions of years to be replaced. Essay Questions- Know the Following: Know the steps of the water cycle from precipitation to runoff. -Precipitation occurs, which is when the cloud gets heavy and releases the water as either rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation can fall onto the land into oceans, lakes, or rivers. It can also soak into the soil and become groundwater. -Then, run-off occur. Run-off is the draining away of water from the surface of an area of land, a building, structure, etc. In run-off, precipitation may run off the land and flow into rivers or oceans. Know what happens if a producer is removed from an ecosystem. -the producer is the source of food for other organisms in an ecosystem. -if this was removed, those other organisms would be supplied with less food than they should have. -the lack of food would get so bad that the organisms would eventually starve and evry other organism would die. Explanation of a simple food chain. -a simple food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy and nutrients. -the arrow indicate the movement of energy and matter as consumers up the food chain. Parts of a magnet. -there is a north and south pole. -the magnet is strongest at the ends, or the poles. What is a magnetic field? -the region around a magnet where the magnetic force is exerted. -magnetic fields allow magnets to attract (or repel) objects at a distance.