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12 Student Engagement: When Recitation Becomes Conversation Martin Nystrand and Adam Gamoran In the stream of critiques of American education that appeared during the 1980s, one persistent theme concerns the apathy and listlessness that seem to characterize secondary school classrooms. Life in schools is “emotionally flat'; neither students nor teachers get very excited about their work. In order to avoid conflicts, challenges, and other disruptions that might be emotionally or intellectually upsetting, teachers and students make bargains that allow both parties to get through their days satisfactorily. 'Teachers implicitly agree not to demand too much of students, and students acquiesce to the standards of conduct required by teachers. This gloomy picture is painted by several writers: National Commission on Excellence in The anthors appreciate the suggestions of Fred Newmann and Michael Smith. This paper was prepared at the National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, Wiscou- sin Center for Education Research, School of Education, University.of Wisconsin Madison, which is supported by a grant from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (Grant No, G-008690007-89), Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in, this publication are those'of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of this agency or the U.S. Department of Education, 257