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As we know that all over the world must experience earthquakes, whether it is small or large earthquakes, some countries are more frequent than others, but why is that? What causes earthquakes in general? Earthquakes that often occur in Indonesia are basically categorized as tectonic earthquakes. If the source of a tectonic earthquake is at sea, it can cause a tsunami that can hit the plains. These tectonic earthquakes usually strike areas that occupy the Pacific and Mediterranean cycles. 1. Understanding earthquake? An earthquake is a movement caused by a sudden release of energy. This release of energy, known as seismic waves, is caused by the sudden movement or breaking of rock beneath the ground. Most earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet or where there are fault lines, but they can also be caused by volcanoes, landslides, and explosions. Let's discuss them one by one. 1. Volcanic earthquake or volcano. Volcanic earthquakes are earthquakes that occur due to the movement of magma within the volcano. Usually, this type of earthquake occurs when the volcano is in an active state and moments before it erupts. Volcanic earthquakes occur due to very large gas pressure in the blockage of the crater. So, if a tectonic earthquake is caused by friction of the earth's plates, then a volcanic earthquake is caused by gas pressure. In contrast to tectonic earthquakes, the vibrations produced by volcanic earthquakes are only felt by residents around the volcano. 2. Earthquake ruins Collapse earthquakes are earthquakes that occur due to landslides. The landslide can be caused by erosion or collapsed limestone mountains. Or, it could also happen because of a collapsed mining site. 3. Collision earthquakes are earthquakes produced by the fall of celestial bodies, such as asteroids and meteors, to the earth's surface. This earthquake vibration is caused by the impact of a collision between a falling celestial body and the earth's surface. The result of the collision, in addition to causing vibrations on the earth's surface, also causes the creation of craters or holes on the earth's surface. The crater can be small or large. 4. Tectonic earthquakes are earthquakes that occur due to the shifting of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are plates that exist in the world. These plates make up the world's continents. The movement of these plates can be close to or away from each other. If these plates touch each other, it has the potential to create very large earthquakes. # Hypocenter in English is called the hypocenter is a point in the earth that is the center of an earthquake. The point on the earth's surface directly above the hypocenter is called the epicenter. The hypocenter is the source of an earthquake at a certain depth of the earth. The location of the epicenter is determined based on measurements of seismic waves, while the epicenter is an earthquake that occurs outside the earth's surface. #What is the relationship between fault lines and earthquakes? Fault lines can vary dramatically; some can be as small as 1-2 inches (2.5-5 centimeters) or up to thousands of miles in length. These cracks in the earth's surface mean that when there is movement of tectonic plates, sediments from rock are more likely to break and fall, causing earthquakes. What are seismic waves? Seismic waves are energy that propagates through the layers of the earth when there is a sudden movement. The instrument used to measure these waves is called a seismometer. by recording ground motion and vibration. Body waves or body waves are waves that propagate through the interior of the earth. Body waves are waves that arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves have a higher frequency than surface waves. Seismic wave types 1. Body wave Body waves are divided into two, namely primary waves and secondary waves. Primary waves are longitudinal waves, where the direction of movement of particles will be in the same direction as the direction of wave propagation. While the secondary wave is a transverse wave, where the direction of movement of the particles will be perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. Features of premier body waves Features: The first wave recorded by a seismograph. 2. Longitudinal waves, namely waves in which the direction of motion of the particles is in the same direction as the direction of propagation. 3. Velocity is 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and 5000 m/s in granite. 4.Can propagate in all types of medium (solid, liquid, gas). 5.Relatively the most "soft" compared to the other waves. 5. Small amplitude. Characteristics of secondary waves Features: 1. Transverse waves, namely waves in which the direction of motion of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. 2. Speed ​​60% of P-wave (meaning slower). 3. Can only propagate in solid media. 4. The damage effect is greater than the Primary wave. 5. Amplitude is bigger than Primary wave Surface waves are waves that propagate only through the earth's crust. This wave has a lower frequency than the body wave. Surface waves are divided into two, namely: Love waves and Reyleigh waves. Love waves are shear waves that are horizontally polarized and do not produce vertical displacement. Love waves are formed due to constructive interference from the reflections of seismic waves on a free surface. While Rayleigh waves are waves whose trajectory of motion resembles an ellipse. Produced by primary waves and secondary waves that interact on a free surface and propagate parallel to that surface. Love waves are faster than Rayleigh waves and reach seismographs first. Characteristics of the wave of love 1. Transverse waves, the direction of motion of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. 2.Speed ​​70% of Secondary Wave Most damaging, especially in areas near the epicentrum 3. The vibrations felt by humans for the first time 4.Discovered by A.E.H Love in 1911 Rayleight wave characteristics 1.Eliptic motion retrograde / ground roll (the ground rotates backwards), but in general the wave propagates forward, the analogy is like an ocean wave. 2. Slightly faster than Love wave (90% of Secondary Wave speed). 3. Invented by Lord Rayleigh in 1885. Effects caused by seismic waves from natural disturbances (such as plate movement, fault movement, volcanic activity (volcanic) and so on. What is earthquake tremor? Earthquake tremors are repeated and frequent earthquakes that occur with relatively small strength, Sometimes it is an indicator that an earthquake is coming. Earthquake tremors are also often known as pre-earthquakes. How do we measure earthquakes? Earthquakes are measured by magnitude using the Richter scale. Charles Richter was the man behind the discovery of the Richter scale in 1935 and it became a universal way to measure how strong an earthquake was. The Richter scale is a set of numbers used to tell the strength of an earthquake and is a logarithmic scale. For example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.0 is about 10 times the amplitude of an earthquake with a score of 2.0. The scale is used in conjunction with a seismometer that can detect earthquakes from about 62 miles (100 kilometers) away. There is an increase in amplitude by a factor of 10 for each level on the Richter scale.