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Gulliver’s apology indicates his shifted perspective—he considers Houyhnhmn refinement superior to English language and culture. Like the Brobdingnagan king, the master horse sees Europe’s violent political tactics as a grotesque, unreasonable abuse of physical power. Whereas Europeans might point to their technological advances in weaponry and cunning war strategies as signs that their society is more sophisticated than Houyhnhmn society (which is ignorant of guns and war), the text suggests otherwise. Put in the words of the master horse’s perspective, European “advances” indeed look debased and repulsive, and seem a lot more like ignorance than knowledge. Gulliver presents an extremely grim view of European society’s justice system. His description of law’s “science” harkens back to Laputia and implicitly compares the members of Europe’s justice system to the useless, misguided projectors of the Lagadan academy. Indeed, lawyers and judges are, from Gulliver’s perspective, just a bunch of liars unable to apply their knowledge to any good effect in society.