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As Gulliver apologizes for including excrement in his narrative, so he apologizes for including criticism against England. Though Gulliver appears to be apologizing for and dismissing the king’s criticism, in reality Swift has managed to voice a solid attack against the Englishstate and society through the Brobdingnagan king’s mouth. Gulliver’s dismissal of the king’s ignorance is ironic. In fact, Swift constructs the prose so that the reader can clearly see that the Brobdingnagan king’s ruling principles are humane and virtuous and European politics are cruel and “inhuman,” just as the king says. Gulliver’s perspective is again at odds with Swift’s. Gulliver’s professed pity for Brobdingnagan ignorance only ends up highlighting all the ways in which their society is superior to Europe. Where Europe is obsessed by impractical abstractions and overanalysis, Brobdingnag uses its knowledge practically and efficiently. Brobdingnag’s successful military suggests that a state needn’t have specially appointed soldiers. Instead, people with ordinary professions could also function just as successfully as a standing militia.