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1. Hierarchy and Order In portraying the “Fall of Man” and the war in Heaven, Milton spends much of Paradise Lost describing the universal hierarchy and order that these events upset. In his 17th century view of the cosmos, Heaven exists above, Earth below, and Hell and Chaos below that. Within this geographically ordered cosmos, the most important hierarchy of Heaven is that of God as supreme monarch, the creator and ruler of the universe, and his “only begotten” Son as equal in rank, a separate person but of the same essence as God. Below these are the Archangels and Angels, arranged in different categories depending on their proximity to God’s light – these include Thrones, Powers, Dominions, and Cherubim, among others. When God creates Earth, he sets Adam and Eve in rank above the animals, and he sets Adam above Eve in terms of authority and wisdom. The devils of Hell are the lowest ranked of all, as they have been totally cast away from God. In his personal life, Milton was a proponent of individual freedom and the overthrow of monarchies, and he actively defended the regicide (i.e. execution) of King Charles I. One of the great ironies of Paradise Lost is that the radical Milton would make his masterpiece a poem that defends the ultimate system of monarchy and order. A probable explanation for this (from C.S. Lewis) is that Milton felt God was the rightful ruler of all, while monarchs were not. Thus he felt no qualms about defending God’s sovereignty while simultaneously attacking Charles I and II. Despite Milton’s personal beliefs and biography, the overarching moral lesson of Paradise Lost is that the hierarchy of Heaven and Earth must be respected and upheld, and that the evil in the world is the result of an upset of the divine order. 2. Disobedience and Revolt Paradise Lost is about the fall of humanity and the rebellion of Satan and his angels, so the plot and conflict almost entirely come from acts of revolt against the hierarchy of God’s universe. The “Fall” comes when Satan grows jealous of God honoring the Son so highly. Satan then convinces a third of Heaven’s angels to rebel with him, claiming that they should be honored as gods and not have to worship God and his Son. This leads to a civil war in Heaven, with the rebels eventually being defeated and cast into Hell. In his bitterness Satan plots to corrupt humanity, who are then innocent, and in this second rebellion he uses fraud and disobedience instead of open revolt. The central conflict and subject of the poem then becomes Adam and Eve disobeying God by eating the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, which God had forbidden. This single act of disobedience leads to the “Fall of Man,” and the Christian explanation for all the suffering and evil in the world. In Milton’s universe there is no question about punishment for disobedience and revolt. Even though God shows mercy in sending his Son to redeem humanity and bring good out of the Fall, he still causes endless misery for the sake of one piece of fruit, and he shows no mercy at all in punishing Satan. The order of the universe and God’s supremacy must be maintained, and when this hierarchy is upset the result is always pain and punishment. 3. Sin and Innocence Paradise Lost is basically a dramatization of the “original sin,” the explanation of how evil entered a world that began as God’s perfect creation. For a Christian like Milton, sin is everything that breaks God’s laws, including acts that do harm to other humans and acts that upset the hierarchy of the universe. God’s Heaven of good Angels and the original Paradise are both innocent places, free from any sin and unhappiness, and Milton tries to describe this pure innocence (though he is using “fallen language”) in terms of natural joy, worship of God, and even a kind of blissful ignorance – as Adam doesn’t know what death is except that it is bad, and Raphael warns Adam about wondering too much about the cosmos. The original sin of Adam and Eve is then the ultimate fall from innocence, as their act introduces sin into the world, along with a host of other evils like some animals becoming carnivores. The forbidden Tree gives Adam and Eve knowledge, but along with knowledge of evil it also brings evil itself, and the single disobedient act spirals quickly into lust, anger, and pride. At the end of the poem Michael shows Adam visions of the future, in which there seems no innocence left at all, as brothers murder brothers, disease and suffering rule, and people worship false gods. The only hope for the future is the coming of God’s Son (Jesus), who will eventually break the power of evil and save those who accept him. God cannot restore the ignorant, pre-Fall innocence of Eden after sin has entered the world, but he can draw goodness out of the knowledge and experience of sin, which creates the hope and optimism at the poem’s end. Sin and Innocence Paradise Lost is basically a dramatization of the “original sin,” the explanation of how evil entered a world that began as God’s perfect creation. For a Christian like Milton, sin is everything that breaks God’s laws, including acts that do harm to other humans and acts that upset the hierarchy of the universe. God’s Heaven of good Angels and the original Paradise are both innocent places, free from any sin and unhappiness, and Milton tries to describe this pure innocence (though he is using “fallen language”) in terms of natural joy, worship of God, and even a kind of blissful ignorance – as Adam doesn’t know what death is except that it is bad, and Raphael warns Adam about wondering too much about the cosmos. The original sin of Adam and Eve is then the ultimate fall from innocence, as their act introduces sin into the world, along with a host of other evils like some animals becoming carnivores. The forbidden Tree gives Adam and Eve knowledge, but along with knowledge of evil it also brings evil itself, and the single disobedient act spirals quickly into lust, anger, and pride. At the end of the poem Michael shows Adam visions of the future, in which there seems no innocence left at all, as brothers murder brothers, disease and suffering rule, and people worship false gods. The only hope for the future is the coming of God’s Son (Jesus), who will eventually break the power of evil and save those who accept him. God cannot restore the ignorant, pre-Fall innocence of Eden after sin has entered the world, but he can draw goodness out of the knowledge and experience of sin, which creates the hope and optimism at the poem’s end. 4. Free Will and Predestination In Paradise Lost Milton argues that though God foresaw the Fall of Man, he still didn’t influence Adam and Eve’s free will. Milton’s God exists outside of time and so sees all times at once, and thus can see the future without actively affecting it. God specifically says that he gives his creatures the option to serve or disobey, as he wants obedience that is freely given, not forced. Some critics have claimed that the God of the poem undercuts his own arguments, however. Milton did not believe in the Calvinistic idea of “predestination” (that God has already decided who is going to Hell and who to Heaven), but he often comes close to describing a Calvinistic God. God purposefully lets Satan escape Hell and sneak past Uriel into Eden, and basically orchestrates the whole situation so that humanity can be easily ruined by a single disobedient act. In describing the Fall before it happens, God already predicts how he will remedy it and give greater glory to himself by sending his Son to die and restore the order of Heaven. This possible predestination leads to the theory of the “fortunate fall,” which is based on Adam’s delight at learning of the eventual coming of the Messiah. This idea says that God allowed the Fall of Man so that he could bring good out of it, possibly more good than would have occurred without the Fall, and be able to show his love and power through the incarnation of his Son. In this way the free will of Adam and Eve (and Satan) remains basically free, but still fits into God’s overarching plan. 5. Love and Marriage Love is one of the Christian God’s most important attributes, and Heavenly love also takes center stage early in the poem as the angels ceaselessly worship God and commune with each other in joy, and the Son offers himself as a sacrifice for humankind out of love for them. Then when Adam and Eve are created, the poem partly shifts its focus to mortal love and the idea of marriage. Milton was seen as radical and lewd for suggesting that Adam and Eve had sex before the Fall and still remained sinless, but Milton creates a picture of marital love that is innocent and pure and still involves sexuality, mostly as a form of obedience to God’s command to “be fruitful.” Milton also emphasizes the hierarchy in marriage, which relates to the general ideas about women at the time. Adam is created to be superior to Eve, communing with God directly, while she communes with God through him, and while Eve is more beautiful, Adam is wiser and stronger. Along with this marital hierarchy, there is also a proper order for love itself. Love of God should come before romantic love (or self-love, in Satan’s case), so when Adam chooses to disobey God’s commandment for the sake of Eve’s love, this is as much his “original sin” as the actual eating of the forbidden fruit. Though this romantic love leads to the Fall, it is also a great comfort to the couple (along with the ever-present love of God) as they are expelled from Paradise. Adam and Eve can still take some joy in each other, and look forward to the day when God will prove his divine love through his Son’s incarnation.