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Welcome to Pham channel! With an area of about 9596961 square kilometers, China shares about 22,000 kilometers of border with 14 countries including Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. Especially, of the 14 countries, China is in conflict and aggression with 13 countries. The only neighbor without a dispute with China is Pakistan, as it is an alliance between the two countries. The two countries signed a border agreement in 1963, in which China ceded 1942 square kilometers of land to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan recognizing that much of India's northern Kashmir and Ladakh belonged to China. In today's program we take a look at China's disputes with 13 neighboring countries. Russia The history of forming the Russia-China border lasted from the late 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Currently this border stretches about 4300km. During the past four centuries, there have been dozens of signed agreements and protocols starting with the Nep agreement signed in 1869. The political feature of the formation of the Russia-China border is that it cannot. formed by great wars, which are based on negotiations in which both sides win and lose equally. Sino-Russian relations fell apart in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, when there were great disagreements between China and the Soviet Union. At the same time Beijing claimed 1540 square kilometers of land from Russian territory, claiming that the Tsar had robbed China at the end of the 19th century. The two countries clashed for several months in 1969, then the same year that China was at war. contested with Tajikistan over the Pamir mountain dispute bordering Xinjiang, causing relations between China and the Soviet Union to crack. Then the formula introduced by China's reform ancestor Deng Xiaoping that "closing the past opens the future" is not just the key to normalizing relations with the Soviet Union, since August 1991 is Russian Federation with China but also resolves territorial border issues. The Agreement of May 16, 1991 on the eastern border area and the September 3, 1994 Agreement on the western border area, were the first steps in the practical settlement of territorial disputes. The border line was demarcated in 1991 and 1999, and the document was signed in 1999, under which the two sides have not agreed on only 2 out of 22 regions. July 2001 contributed to the settlement of the border problem between the two countries. The content of the treaty states that the two sides no longer require each other's territories and wish to continue negotiating areas that have not yet agreed upon. In 2005, the Russia-China border dispute was stable after Russia signed the agreement to cede the above areas to China. But that is not all, the newspaper The Truth of Russia once warned about the danger of losing Russia's Far East when the Chinese overflowing here too crowded. India. The border between India and China has been calm for thousands of years. After the birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949, India was one of the first to establish diplomatic relations with China. In 1950, the hot spot for territorial disputes between the two countries was the Aksai Chin area. and Arunachal Pradesh. For Aksai Chin, China considers this part of the town of Xinjiang autonomous region, while India considers it the land of Ladakh district in Jammu and Kashmir states. China is illegally occupying 38 thousand square kilometers here. Aksai Chin has neither people nor resources but strategic position because it connects Tibet to Xinjiang. At Arunachal Pradesh China occupies about 90000 square kilometers under the description of southern Tibet. India fought with China in a brief war over a border dispute along the Himalayas in 1962. The border situation only eased tension in the early 1980s to 1990s during a high-level meeting. in Beijing on September 7, 1993 the two sides signed an agreement to maintain peace and stability along the practically controlled border. In November and December 1996 India and China signed an agreement on the The measure of mutual trust in the military field along the border is actually seen as a non-attack agreement. However, if Sino-Indian relations as a whole are considered, in territorial disputes with China, India remains a victim and insists that China has taken up a part of India's territory. Many Indian politicians understand very clearly in the future China will never voluntarily return it. part of the territory that India considers its own, so it's best to leave it as is. North Korea. As China's closest ally, North Korea shares with its seniors 1416 kilometers of border mainly distinguished by the two rivers Yalu and Tumen under a treaty signed in 1962 that disputed also from two rivers. This includes the boundary between the rivers of the river islands and especially the highest mountain Baekdu in the region where the two rivers originate. It is worth mentioning that Baekdu Mountain is considered by both North and South Koreans as a sacred mountain. Another source of dispute is the road to the Sea of ​​Japan. Because the end of the Tumen River flows between Korea and Russia, China blocked the exit to the Sea of ​​Japan. was never officially negotiated because North Korea is too dependent on China. Mongolia China claimed all of Mongolia on the grounds that it belonged to Chinese territory from the Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368, but in fact, in fact, it was Genghis Khan that captured China at that time. internationally recognized for independence in 1946 Mongolia shared a 4677 km border with China. In 1960, during his official visit to Mongolia, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai suggested that the Chinese side proceed to resolve the Bilateral negotiations began in Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia from October to November 1962. Many disputes were not only resolved, but the two sides also finished preparations. In December 1962, China Mongolia signed a border agreement, whereby, although China captured part of the Mongolian territory, part of the traditional territory of Outer Mongolia remained. Furthermore, Mongolia has been cut for a portion of territory in the gobi desert. Since then until now, the two countries have not claimed each other's territory. By April 2002, the China-Mongolia Joint Border Committee will advance. Examine the 4677 km long border of the two countries. And the new immigration regime will be enforced on the border gates Kazakhstan China and Kazakhstan have a 1700 km long border and the painting dates back to the Soviet era involving a 680 square kilometer area near the Pemir pass and 280 square kilometers near the Serichelri River. 20% of this area, in return, is an economic support package that includes investment in one of Kazakhstan's largest oil fields, along with a 3,000km pipeline system across the country and a program of economic cooperation in 15 year .Kazakhstan is increasingly important to China because of its geographic location adjacent to Xinjiang, China's volatile autonomous region. Agreement on delimitation of a 1700 km long border between China and Kazakhstan was signed. April 1994 and entered into force in September 1995. The additional border agreement between the two sides, signed on 4 July 1998, clearly delineated the fortified areas of the Serichelri River off-road. The Chagaobal and Pemir passes result in part being assigned to China and part transferred to Kazakhstan. In 1999 during the visit to China of Kazakh President Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev the border agreement between the two sides was signed in Beijing. However, some issues remain unresolved, the intention to increase the intake of water in the Irtysh River for industry and agriculture in China's Xinjiang autonomous region, which could have serious environmental consequences. and the economy of Kazakhstan. Tajikistan The Republic of Tajikistan and China have a border of more than 500 km mainly running along the Pamir Mountains after reaching an agreement with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, border negotiations between China and Tajikistan are suspended for civil war in Tajikistan Negotiations on each border area between the two countries have not yet ended, although President Emomali Rahmon and President Jiang Zemin signed a border agreement in August 1999. for China an area of ​​about 1,000 square meters in Pamir Mountain this area is only approximately 5.5% of the previous requirement based on China's "Historical Evidence of the Qing Dynasty". The demarcation of the border along the Karazakh pass and along the Makan River complex border area on the Pamir mountain south of the Uzebel pass remains unresolved. Kyrgyzstan. China claimed to be largely under Kyrgyzstan on the grounds that these lands were ceded to Russia in the 19th century under the undergrowth treaties. After several agreements on the Han Tiengry mountain peak, the two sides agreed to an evenly divided agreement. The agreement was signed by the President of Kyrgyzstan and the President of China in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan during the meeting. Head of state of the five countries in the Shanghai group on August 24 to 26, 1999. In this form Kyrgyzstan received 70% of the disputed area and China took 9 square kilometers of the Uzelkhikut mountains located in the southern region Ishikul currently the process of delimitation and demarcation is underway on the 900-kilometer-long border of the two. Afghanistan. Despite a 1963 bilateral treaty, China Still invades Afghanistan and is occupying Badakhshan province. Because the Taliban is very supportive of the separatist Uighurs in Xinjiang, China increases investment in commercial and economic transport to help the Kabul government deal with the Taliban.